Bus 610 Week 1

Michael Rush BUS 610 10/27/12 Complete Connect Exercise 1, Chapter 1 (p 13), 1. a. Interval b. Ratio c. Nominal d. Nominal e. Ordinal f. Ratio 2. a. Ratio b. Nominal c. Nominal d. Ratio 3. orangecountyregister. com Nominal- The sales of the Microsoft Surface allow for the measurement of Nominal data. When looking at the tablet market all of the sales are essentially a tally for the version or brand. The article looks at the sales which can be easily compared to other tablets in that market.Ordinal- The concept of ordinal measurement is directly represented in the idea of high school football. In the article it talks about the number one ranked Mission Viejo team. This is directly categorized as an ordinal unit of data. With having a clear ranking in terms of success, the first place team has a measureable gain over teams that would be in the lower rankings. Interval- Interval data can be found throughout the readings when it comes to weather. Weather is a great example of interval da ta.The temperature has a difference between values at a constant size and an easy ranking the temperatures for clear measurement. Additionally a zero does not have significance as in an absence of heat. Ratio- In the paper the Symantec Company was brought up. The article revolved around the earnings in the second quarter. This measurement is one of a ratio due to the fact that a zero value is meaningful. A company has the ability to be at zero and be factual. The data can be compared to different years or other companies. 4. a. Sample b.Population c. Population d. Sample Chapter 1 Practice Test for Part II, Problem #2 (p 20), 2. |Freshmen |Sophomores |Juniors |Seniors | |14 |18 |10 |6 | [pic] Chapter 2 Practice test for Part II, Problem 1 (p 54) 1. a. 30 b. 105 c. 52 d. 0. 190476 or 19% e. $165 f. Minimum= $120 and Maximum =$330 g. [pic] h. [pic]

Eschools as Organisations Post 16 Options for Young People and Adults Essay

1. 2 Explain the post 16 options for young people and adults: – Once a young person has reached year 11 there are a number of choices to make about their future, this could be choosing a new course at school or college or entering employment and training. These options will give them a good base on building a future career. Post 16:- Continue in full time education either sixth form or at a local college. Depending on their results they can choose from the list below:- Post 17:- If they have just completed a one-year course, following Year 12, they may decide to continue their studies full time or look for jobs and training:- Post 18:- Following Year 13, they will have a number of choices to make about their future. They may decide to continue their studies full time or look for jobs or training. List of options for post 16, 17 and 18. Course at entry level- Entry level courses do not require any exam passes and usually take one or two years to complete, a course at this level is an – Entry Level Certificate. Course at Level 1(foundation Level) – Foundation level courses do not usually require any exam passes. Depending on which course they do it usually takes either one or two years to complete. Examples of courses at this level are: -Introductory Certificates/Diplomas -National First Award (level 1) -National certificate/Award (level 1) -GCSEs -NVQ Level 1 Welsh Baccalaureate Qualification (foundation Level) All foundation Level courses can lead to higher level courses or work and training. Courses at level 2 (intermediate level) – Intermediate Level courses may require two or three passes at grades D–G and they usually take two years to complete. Examples of courses at this level are: – GCSEs – First Certificates/Diplomas – National Certificates/Awards (Level 2) – NVQ Level 2 – Foundation Apprenticeship – Welsh Baccalaureate Qualification (Intermediate) All Intermediate Level courses can lead to higher level course or jobs with training. (Providing they get the grades required). Courses at level 3 (advanced level) Four or five GCSEs at grades A*- C or equivalents are usually required for entry. Depending on the type of course, they generally take either one or two years to complete. Examples of courses at this level are: – AS/A levels, including applied A levels – National Diploma – International Baccalaureate – Welsh Baccalaureate Qualification (Advanced) †¢ NVQ Level 3 – Apprenticeship. All Advanced Level courses can lead to higher education or jobs and training (providing they get the grades required in the appropriate subjects). Welsh Baccalaureate Qualification:- The Welsh Bac is now becoming available to more learners throughout Wales in schools, colleges and work-based settings. It allows for more flexibility in their studies. They will also develop skills and learning styles that prepare you for further and higher education, as well as the world of work. The Welsh Bac consists of two parts: Core – consisting of five components: – An Individual Investigation (which is like a project) into a subject of their own choice. – Wales, Europe and the World – Key Skills – Work-related education – Personal and social education. Options – where they choose from course/programmes that are currently offered, for example: – GCSE – AS/A levels – VCE (Vocational A levels) – NVQ – BTEC – OCR-*- New Principal Learning and Project Qualification will also be available as option within the Welsh Bac. Apprenticeships: Apprenticeships bring them formal qualifications and highly specific work skills. They must be employed so they will be earning while they learn. They can also use Apprenticeship as a stepping stone to higher qualifications. As an Apprentice, their skills and role are respected, many top managers started out by learning a trade and understanding how the organisation works from the ground up. To gain access to an apprenticeship applicants would need: — Four or five GCSEs at grade C or above are usually needed. – They’d be paid while they learn the skills that employers are looking for. – They’d gain an NVQ Level 3 qualification as an Apprentice or a Level 2 qualification as a foundation Apprentice. Higher Apprenticeships are also available at a Level 4 or above. Traineeships: If the student was leaving school or college a Traineeship could help them get the skills needed to get a job or progress to further learning at a higher level, for example Apprenticeships or further education. In most cases they can start on a Traineeship at any point during the year and they don’t need any formal qualifications to access the programme. There are different levels of Traineeship. (Post 18) †¢ Engagement: If they are finding it difficult to find the right job, get into work or develop their skills and learning, this level will help prepare them for the world of work or full time learning. This level can include work placements, community projects or training. Level 1: If they know what career they want to follow and are ready for full-time learning at Level 1, this level will allow them to progress their skills further in their chosen subject and can also include work placements and community projects. If they have successfully completed a Level 1 and are still out of work, they maybe eligible to start learning at Level 2. Voluntary work: As well as doing something worthwhile and rewarding in its own right, voluntary work can also be a good way of gaining skills and experience, especially if they don’t find a job or training right away. It also looks good on a CV. Youth Gateway: If they need some extra help and support before applying for a course, job or training, Youth Gateway is a short programme run by Careers Wales to help them with identifying and developing skills, job search, making applications and choosing suitable courses. Information on this can found at the local Careers Wales Centre. Direct. Gov [15 April 2012] www. education. gov. uk [1 April 2012 wales. gov. uk [ 1 April 2012].

LEGAL ENVIRONMENT 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

LEGAL ENVIRONMENT 5 - Essay Example The law which would be discussed is that of Equal Employment opportunity. It has been pointed out that under the traditional principles of international law the activities of an overseas subsidiary which had been incorporated according to the laws of another were not subject to US legal regulation; the main reason for this being the fact that the nationality of a business entity was dependent on the country in which it had been incorporated.2 This has been boycotted by the Congress. In context of employment there have been introduced various civil law rights which include Title VII, the Age Discrimination Employment Act (ADEA) and the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA). Extraterritorial effect has been given to these rights. It has been said that this had been provided so as to extend the reach of US employment laws which was as a result of the Supreme Court decision in Boureslan case in which Title VII to protect US citizens who were working abroad was refused, due to the international jurisdiction principle.3 The problems that tend to arise with regards to foreign company constantly insisting to hire its own nationals in US, and the main reason for this being the general knowledge which is possessed by them with regards to matters of the company. Thus there have been many claims of discrimination on the basis of national origin.4 The courts has acknowledge the FCN treaty which allows for hiring of nationals in the subsidiary of the parent company, only on certain designations5. However it has been stated by the Supreme Court that a subsidiary of a Japanese company does not come under the FCN treaty since it has been established in the US.6 By the analysis it has been clearly verified that US discrimination laws apply to foreign employers operating inside the US.7 Further it has been stated that even though the FCN treaty right allows for the hiring of nationals of parent company, there is no justification in FCN for dismissal of a US citizen because of age, which would be a discrimination.8 The courts have illustrated that right to prefer a citizen does not allow the employers to discriminate on other grounds.9 Further the right of FCN given to corporation to favor its own citizens does not make allow sexual harassment.10 However it can be clearly seen that the citizenship and national origin are in conflict, thus the right to discriminate based on FCN treaty is in conflict with discrimination on national origin which is prohibited under Title VII.11 The risks that a company takes when establishing business globally include among other things the different customs and laws, the cost of labor, taxes and other variant factors depending from country to country. The laws as have been pointed are mainly focused upon discrimination, equal pay and labor laws. The most important factor that should be taken into account by the company is to carefully research the legal position of their establishment in the country and to act accordingly. Further a company should take into minimum wages and the taxation process within the country. The possibilities of negotiation with the State are possible if it is a large corporation. The possible treaties that have been signed between the countries can be looked

The American 2010 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The American 2010 - Essay Example In his attempts to disengage from death and to connect to the rest of the world, the filmmakers must find ways to emotionally express these changes through the way in which the production is designed. Plot Summary and Critic’s Reviews There is a unique twist in the plot of The American, the story not following the normal hit man thriller formulation that one might expect. Clooney plays a man who is good at his craft, making unique weapons that are used for creative assassinations. This is not done with some type of fantastical or over the top, â€Å"Q† from James Bond sort of way, but with a sense of realism. The brooding nature of the film helps to frame this profession, the seriousness of the ‘business’ of death relevant to the structure of the story. Clooney’s character, Jack, wants to be at the end of his career, the most recent event of an ambush bringing his attention to the fact that he was lucky to have survived the many close calls in his li fe. When he goes to Italy and to the town in which he is to make his last weapon, he begins to reach out, but almost imperceptibly, to the others. The priest and the prostitute provide a contrast of moral natures, each providing a part of the human contact that he has been without for most of his life. Film critic Rebecca Murray sees Jack’s relationships with the priest and the prostitute as cold and unresponsive. While both characters seem to be fascinated by Jack, he gives them very little in return, their investment in his attention far greater than his in theirs. Murray describes the film as being vacant, without much action or dialogue, thus leaving the film viewer as empty as Jack in the way in which they are limited in engaging with the film. She says â€Å"Even the charm and talent of Clooney can’t make Jack accessible to the audience as he’s trying to stay alive†. The American was not a critical success with average film viewers. According to Mur ray, â€Å"The American doesn’t capitalize on its uniqueness, taking leaps in storytelling and using far too many coincidental events to move things forward†. The problem with the film is created through the conflict of having an unsympathetic, emotionally crippled character and trying to evoke sympathy and emotional connectivity from the audience. It can be accomplished, but it is a tough project for a director to do it with success. According to Clabough, Clooney’s character establishes earlier on in the film that he is not a good guy, thus disconnecting the audience from their sympathy with him. Clabough states â€Å"Jack has loyalties to no one but himself, a malevolent character trait exemplified early in the film when Jack must kill the woman with whom he just made love to protect his own identity, though he is ridden with guilt that often materializes in nightmares†. Unfortunately, he never really turns that corner to reconnect or create a sympathe tic reaction from the way in which the story unfolds after his unsympathetic nature is revealed. Clabough sees no point to the character of the priest, his appearances only seeming to provide an opportunity for dialogue. The critic feels that this is one more opportunity for Hollywood to attack Christianity through revealing that the priest has a child out of wedlock, thus should not have put himself up as one to judge Jack about

Immigrant's success Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Immigrant's success - Essay Example The Ly family is a refugee family; but they own the neighborhood bakery which had earned a revenue of as much as $44 million now. Lester is a Cuban refugee who escaped successfully to America from Cuba by windsurfing. I believe they succeeded because they were hardworking, confident and purposeful. To succeed in America, one of the primary keys to success is to be hardworking. There are four points to ensure that an individual works hard. First, a hardworking person takes fewer breaks than others. For example, Lester worked at a windsurfing rental booth by day while attending high school at night. He was busy the whole day and took very few breaks to get more experience and knowledge. Second, hardworking people do more things than others. For instance, Fatemeh Mizbani started at 6:30 a.m. and called it a day at 5:30 in the afternoon. She not only worked longer than other teachers; but also spent her lunch break helping her students. This way, she earned her students and work matesâ⠂¬â„¢ admiration. Third, hardworking means the worker does not care about the kind of job they get. For example, Ly families worked as laborers, handymen, seamstresses, and house-cleaners. Because they did some low-paying jobs, they still earned enough money to start a new business. The last one was working hard to get a good education. For instance, Dr. Erick Miranda graduated from Harvard and then worked at the L.A. County/USC emergency medical center. His words showed the importance of hard work. He said, â€Å"No matter where you come from or how poor you are, there is a path open to you here.† But you need to work hard to get on that path. As evident, hard work assists in getting more knowledge or experience, as well as respect from others. Another key to success, aside from hard work, is confidence in oneself. In contemporary times, there are still a lot of hardworking immigrants who do not succeed because they do not have self-confidence. Every successful man is confid ent and those aspiring to succeed must determine the secrets to gain self-confidence. Confidence means that you believe there is always a road to success; as well as to believe in one’s powers, determination and persistence. When talking to people or demonstrating something to others, one must be confident so that people will trust one’s words or the products being endorsed. One should be able to prepare well through study or research. For instance, the 17 year old boy named Lester was able to escape to America by windsurfing for more than 80 miles. He escaped alone because he believed in his plan and his sailing skill and he succeeded. Consequently, by arriving in America against immense odds, he became famous because of his marvelous confidence. As such, confidence would enable one to achieve things that have never been tried before. Finally, by being hardworking and confident, there is only one more important thing that is needed: setting a goal. If one does not hav e a goal, one would not have any direction just like a waterweed which floats on the river. One must have a clear idea on the goal that is to be set. The goal is the most important thing one wants to do in the future. The goal is the terminal point in a race; so one should not stop trying to get it. If one stops for a while, other people who have the same goal might surpass and one might eventually lose. Goals that are to be set should be attainable. There is a big refugee family named Ly family who

Corrections and Prisons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Corrections and Prisons - Essay Example The court system in the United States is divided into the federal governments and the state governments which are administratively different from each other (Miller & Gaines, 2012). The courts act independent of the legislature and the executive; it is a semiautonomous branch of the government. The federal court system vests power on one Supreme Court and all the other courts remain inferior to the Supreme Court. Federal courts are divided into three levels; the federal district courts, the courts of appeal which is more superior to the district courts and Supreme Court which is the highest federal court. Miller & Gaines (2012) cited that, the federal district courts are made up of 92 districts with at least one bench in each of the available 50 states, one each in the Columbia District and Puerto Rico. There are judges in each of the districts ranging from 1 to 20 judges. District court judges are appointed by the president recommended by the members of the senate and confirmed by t he senate. District federal courts are charged with the responsibility of solving cases like violations of the constitution and other federal laws, cases that directly involve the federal government, maritime disputes, foreign government cases, and cases involving citizens from foreign countries or of two different states (Miller & Gaines, 2012). The court of appeal system consists of 11 judicial circuits in the 50 states and one in the Columbia District. ... and is the only federal court that is mandated by the constitution to give a final jurisdiction on all the cases that come before it. It consists of one Chief Justice and 8 Associate Justices. In addition, it has jurisdiction on cases that involve two or more U.S. states and high ranking diplomatic staff. Judges in the three main federal courts serve for life (Miller & Gaines, 2012). The federal judiciary also watches over a group of courts that handle specialized and specific cases. For example, the Court of Federal Claims that looks into cases of monetary claims alleged against the U.S. government. There are also the Courts- Martial that handles cases that involve the military personnel under the Military Law and the Tax Court (Miller & Gaines, 2012). State court systems are diverse having a hierarchically organized system that encompasses general and specialized courts. It comprises of inferior courts like the magistrates court, justice of peace court, municipal court, traffic cou rt, municipal court, police court and the county court which handle minor criminal and civil cases in mostly an informal manner (Miller & Gaines, 2012). Serious and superior cases are heard in the state district court mostly known as the superior court. Superior courts hear appeals from minor courts and are organized by counties; they have jurisdiction over major civil suits and serious crimes like grand larceny. Large cities like New York have appellate courts between the superior courts and the states highest courts. Courts with special purposes under the state courts include probate court, family court, divorce courts, juvenile courts, small claims courts and housing courts. Judges in these courts may be elected or appointed. When appointed, the judges

Managing Change- Strategies for mergers and acquisition AOL and TIME Essay

Managing Change- Strategies for mergers and acquisition AOL and TIME WARNER - Essay Example In both the cases of mergers and acquisitions, two separate entities decide to come together; a change is certain to happen in the new amalgamated set-up. The change is expected in the company policies, management hierarchy, and customer relations among other major things. And if the merger is that of the largest merger till date, we can understand the proximity of the change. Merger of Time Warner with America Online proves the fact. Beginning its journey with the name of Quantum Computer Services, America Online (popularly known as AOL) has been one of the most successful brands in the world of internet. Proving the fears of many experts wrong, AOL was successful even after the free internet service providers entered the market. AOL also successfully survived the dotcom bust when many of its competitors had to shut their business. For a long time Time Warner has been a part of various mergers and acquisitions. The company, Time Warner, was formed in 1990 when Time, Inc and Warner Communication decided to merge together. It has a wide array of business initiatives ranging from producing films, publishing books, broadcasting, etc. Some of its leading brands are Time, CNN, Warner Brothers. It was early January of the year 2000 when the biggest corporate merger was announced as an all stock transaction. But there were certain issues to be settled before the deal saw day’s light. After about a year, on 11th January 2001, with the approval of FCC, the deal was signed of making AOL Time Warner, the largest media and entertainment company in the world. Though, both the companies claimed it was ‘a merger of equals’, but actually AOL shareholders owned 55% stake of the new company and the remaining 45% stake of AOL Time Warner belonged to the shareholders of Time Warner (McCullagh D., December 2000). The new company initially traded at the New York Stoke Exchange with

Critique of La Haine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Critique of La Haine - Essay Example The essay "Critique of La Haine" discusses The La Haine which depicts a classical French film. French filmmaker, Mathieu Kassovitz directed the film that manifests alienation racism and violence in French suburbs. The director shows how unemployment and discrimination fuel violent anger among French youths.The film shows that the ugly housing estate in Paris does not affect do not affect the youth. Mathieu Kassovitz shot the film in black and white to profess racial strife and disaffected youth in France. Indeed, the film focuses on the common challenges experienced by mixed-race groups against bad cops and bourgeois community. For example, the film depicts three angry unemployed youths experiencing albeit with anger their friend suffering from police brutality. This is the best film associated with the hip hop generation of the French suburbs. Apparently, French youths use French rap to resist discrimination, alienation, and oppression based on race and class. Although the film pene trated the global audience it also portrayed the adverse effects of adopting the popular American culture in France as seen in the case of police brutality. The film focuses on issues of class and not of the race where it seemingly ignores racism. For example, the film the protagonists argue that the minority and the poor cannot get weapons to protect themselves yet the wealthy and powerful can easily access guns for protection. The La Haine shows the differences between the French hip hop and American hip hop culture.

Evaluate. examine and compare the innovative capacities of the Islamic Research Paper

Evaluate. examine and compare the innovative capacities of the Islamic Republic of Iran and that of Angola - Research Paper Example Nevertheless, the result is a scholarship on political economy that is "now back to a more balanced emphasis on all three" (Schmidt, 15) ---notwithstanding the differences between American and British traditions in political economy (Maliniak and Tierney, 1). According to Maliniak and Tierney, the American school of political economy is positivist and empiricist while the British school is more explicitly normative and interpretative. A comparative political economy approach allows us to derive lessons useful for advancing knowledge and informing policy. We have this in mind as we study and compare the cases of Angola and the Islamic Republic of Iran. We choose the two countries because relatively little is known on the two countries. We apply our comparative political economy approach to Angola and the Islamic Republic, focusing on the role of political economy on national innovative capacity. Porter and Stern define national innovative capacity as the countries potential "to produce a stream of commercially relevant innovation" (5).1 They emphasize that national innovative capacity is a product of the countrys technological sophistication, number of scientific and technical labor force, investments, and policy choice.2 Viewed in this perspective, national innovative capacity is definitely an outcome of a political economy environment that promotes technological sophistication, size of scientific and technical l abor force, investments, and competition. Further, the Porter-Stern notion of national innovative capacity also emphasizes on the political and economic entities of countries (5) and, therefore, this constitutes another stress on a political economy perspective. In contrast, the political economy perspective on innovation of Cowhey and Aronson stresses on how a combination of technological innovation, market strategies, and political entrepreneurship shapes the global economy,

Research Methods Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Research Methods - Assignment Example The study below details a research conducted on a number of stock exchange items with graphical representation of their performance in price changes and volumes to aid indicate to the investors different items on the various counters and stock markets. Analyzing the stock market requires the application of technical skills that one may need for close monitoring the movements of a stock on daily basis to capture all the changes and use them to make investment decisions or advice the different stakeholders about the stock. Looking at the historic data of a security allows one to better understand its behavior and therefore make it easier to predict the next movement in prices. The prediction may never prove 100% unless if one predicted that the market will move up, come back down and eventually stagnate at one time. It is therefore vital to follow up on the daily movements of a stock in order to present a relatively close prediction of the price movements and the volumes traded. The percentage change of a stock aids in understanding the volatility of the stock, which plays a major role in comparing with a benchmark period, or stock. Looking at the volumes that a stock is able to trade in a day reflects the momentum of the market, which displays the actual movement of the stock within a specified period and hence dictating the efficient nature of the market (Singal, 2006, p.1). These may reflect a week, a day, a month or on yearly basis. The analysis below is based on the stock prices and considered on volumes traded on a weekly basis for different indices over a period of a year each and the detailed explanation of their meaning to an investor. Download the weekly data of the index for the calendar year 2009 and make a time plot of the data. Comment on the variability of the index looking at the plot. Report the standard deviation

The Level of Legal Immigration Essay Example for Free

The Level of Legal Immigration Essay In recent years, a political battle had been in the center of a very heated and controversial debate is the battle of immigration. Terrorism, the drug war, and the national deficit have all fueled interest in a long dormant debate. According to the United States Census, â€Å"immigration will propel the U. S. population total to 438 million by 2050†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Haub). The Hispanic population alone will exceed to an estimated 100 million, which subsequently is in relevance with the over 60 percent of immigrants coming from Mexico. Proposals have recently been put through by the  President and House of Representatives to deal with various aspects of illegal immigration, varying from amnesty for existing illegals, guest worker programs, deportation, fines for unpaid taxes, stricter border enforcement, and so on. However, very little attention has been given to legal immigration. Yet since this nation has become more and more ethnically diverse than it has ever been in decades, immigration is in general good for the country, therefore, it should be an acceptation for America to have this so-called â€Å"melting pot† grow more by increasing the level f people that are allowed to enter the country and work towards citizenship. Legal immigration should increase to benefit the improvement of the overall image of America intentionally, as it is seen as an openly welcoming country; immigrants who return home or maintain contact with family back home have a true image of America, not the one propagandized in much of the intentional media. It’s no secret that the United has a very unfavorable image around the world. Most American citizens are proud of their country and are happy to be here. So why do people have such an unfavorable image aboard? What percentage of the people in Europe, Asia, and the Middle East that have been sampled in these favorability opinion polls do others think have actually been to the United States for any significant amount of time? Think about it, for those that haven’t lived here, their opinion of America is based almost entirely on the media. Thus, the socialists, communists, and propagandists that dominate the international news media may be the most responsible for America’s image. This problem can be alleviated by allowing more people to enter the country. Real people can see what it eans to have freedom of speech, freedom to worship, freedom to publish and assemble. They can see our diversity and our shunning of those who lack tolerance. They can sample our sports and entertainment. They can meet for themselves the â€Å"evil Americans†. As more people return home or communicate with loved ones, people around the world will increasingly learn what a great country we have. Decreasing or eliminating legal immigration will inevitably create more incentive to come to the country illegally, which leads to less assimilation and fever taxpaying, law-abiding itizens. Many individuals have only one true hope for a better for themselves or their children – emigrate to America. The enormous number of immigrants in this country show that they will try to get here whether or not there are laws to stop them. Illegal immigrants must hide their identities. Thus, they aren’t going to be attending American schools, filing tax returns, or doing other things that typical Americans do. Plus, if they’re already breaking the law by being here, what’s to prevent them from breaking other laws we have? Legal immigrants, especially those ho plan to stay permanently, must pay taxes and are more likely to attend school to learn history, English, and a marketable skill. Since they don’t have to hide, they are more likely to assimilate with other Americans and adopt the culture. Lastly, they can eventually earn the right to vote and participate in our political process, meaning they can develop a decision-making stake in the future of our country. Furthermore, the increase of legal immigration in the U. S. gives struggling people all over the world and opportunity for a better life. This country was built on immigrants who ought opportunity as well as political and religious freedom. At some point in this debate the American people need to set aside the question of whether it’s good for this country and look at the point of view of the immigrant. Imagine you were in a place where you could be stoned to death for practicing your religion. Imagine you got paid the same regardless of how hard you worked. Imagine you were unable to study for a new career or start up your own business. Imagine you were forced to rely on government rationing of food to scratch out a living. Imagine the only access to medical care was physicians with only a few months of training who lacked vaccines and basic medical equipment. Would you want to live the rest of your life like this? Would you want your kids to live their whole lives like this? In speculation, most people, if given a choice would take the risk in coming to America to achieve something better. This country was built and has grown on the backs of such people. In the end, the government is highly responsible for keeping immigration reform more of path to greater and more lucrative opportunities for those entering this country with proper documentation. More importantly, they should make sure they give background checks to each immigrant to make sure he/she does not have ties to any terrorist organization (most especially al-Qaeda) in order for this great country to be a safe-haven environment. With the increase of jobs in America, many of those should be more accessible to newly naturalized citizens. It’ll be a shame if Americans still make strong accusations against immigrants for stealing their jobs.

Packed Milk Essay Example for Free

Packed Milk Essay For the calorie conscious and the weight conscious users of dairy products there is some good news from the topmost brand in Indian dairy products—‘Amul. ’ Its recent introductions include ‘Amul Lite’ –a low-calorie bread spread and ‘Amul Lite and Trim Milk’—a long life skimmed milk with zero fat content. ‘Amul Lite’—low-fat, low-calorie and low-cholesterol bread spread—is a healthier substitute for other bread spreads such as butter and margarine which have at least 26% more fat and calorie content. The total fat content in ‘Amul Lite’ is 59% as compared to 80% in butter and margarine. And, the calorie content in 100 grams of ‘Amul Lite’ is 531 as compared to 720 calories in butter and margarine of equal quantity. Being a low-fat, low-cholesterol bread spread, ‘Amul Lite’ is particularly suited to those for whom consumption of high cholesterol and high saturated fat products are restricted. Its low-fat and low-cholesterol content reduces chances of heart ailments as it is low on saturated fat and high on PUFA, Omega-3 and Omega-6 fat contents which help to maintain healthy cholesterol levels. It is further fortified with Vitamin A and Vitamin D which help to improve vision and healthy skin. For a start, ‘Amul Lite’ has been introduced in 200gms plastic containers which cost Rs. 32. 00 each. The shelf life of â€Å"Amul Lite’ is six months under refrigerated conditions. ‘Amul Lite’ is produced in ISO-9000 certified fully-automated plant under strict hygienic conditions and it carries the AGMARK quality certification. ‘Amul Lite Slim and Trim Milk’ is a fresh, long life skimmed milk processed with Ultra High Temperature (UHT) technology which does not involve use of any preservatives. The UHT technology preserves maximum flavour, taste and nutritional value of milk simultaneously ensuring zero microbial activation. Protected from air and light through aseptic packaging system, ‘Amul Lite Slim and Trim Milk’ offers a shelf life of 6 months without refrigeration. ‘Amul Lite Slim and Trim Milk’ is rich in proteins, vitamins and minerals of natural milk with zero fat and cholesterol content. It is available in 1 liter, 500ml and 200ml tetra packs. ‘Amul’ is the brand name of Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation Limited (GCMMF) which revolutionized the production and distribution of diary products in India and became a model for development of dairy cooperatives in India. The brand name has become so popular that today the cooperative is recognized by its brand name. According to data provided by the cooperative, the ‘Amul’ milk processing plants have a handling capacity of 10. 16 million liters per day and the turnover of the cooperative for the year 2006-2007 was 42,778 million rupees or 1,050 million US dollars. ‘Amul’ has an amazing range of dairy products which include butter, bread spread, a variety of cheese, sweets, fresh milk, fresh cream, ghee (clarified butter), infant milk and milk food, milk powder, condensed milk, diary whiteners, curd products, ice creams, chocolates, malted milk food (brown beverage), flavoured milk, cold coffee and health beverage. ‘Amul’ is the largest exporter of Indian dairy products with a ‘Trading House’ status. It exports ghee, butter, curd products, sweets, brown beverage, infant milk food, cheese, malai paneer and long life milk and fresh cream to the United States of America, gulf countries and Singapore. Recently, ‘Amul’ embarked on a direct retailing venture by creating ‘Amul Utterly Delicious’ parlours in Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Baroda, Delhi, Mumbai and Surat. AMUL BECOMES INDIA’S LARGEST FOOD BUSINESS Amul, a brand of the Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF), an apex body of 13 milk co-operatives, has clocked a turnover of Rs 4,300 crores ($1. 2 billion) during fiscal 2006-07 to become a billion-dollar entity. The results will be formally declared within a couple of days. The ambitious federation has now set its eyes on the Rs 10,000-crore mark over the next three years. It took four decades to Amul to become Rs 2,000-crore entity. But, the turnover doubled to over Rs 4,300 crores within nine years from 1999 to 2007. GCMMF has several successful marketing campaigns in India. Amul butter girl is one of the longest run ad campaigns in the country. The federation sold liquid milk worth Rs 1,200 crores in fiscal 2006-07 and aims to cross Rs 1,500-crore mark in FY 2007-8.

Effective Communication Is An Issue

Effective Communication Is An Issue Social work is a professional and academic discipline that pursues to progress the quality of life and wellbeing of an individual, group, or community by intervening through research, policy, community organizing, direct practice, and coaching on behalf of those distressed with poverty or any real or perceived social injustices and violations of their human rights (Cavanagh Lane, 2012). To make all this happen, social workers have to communicate with the people affected and listen their problems carefully in order to take them out from the painful situation. Social work relies heavily on communication to identify problems and solutions related to social behaviours, including family relations, workplace interactions and substance abuse. Lack of communication can lead to clients shutting down, stepping away from assistance or losing trust in their social worker. Developing strong communication skills helps social workers work more efficiently and effectively with clients, resulting in more positive outcomes with less confrontation and fewer missed opportunities. Communication is the ability to deliver/convey the thoughts, ideas or message effectively (Pathak Joshi, 2010). The exchange of thoughts, feelings, messages, or information, as by reading, speech, gestures, visuals, signals, writing, or behaviour is known as Communication. Despite of the fact, that language is the main element of communication. However the linguistic structure of all the languages are same, although according to cultural differences, they are been expressed differently. There are several skills for a social work or a psychology profession to communicate with their clients, although this essay will discuss the major communication skills which should be applied by psychological professional or a social worker towards his/her clients. Everybody needs to be heard and understood; active listening is also one of the communication skills which make it possible (Kelan, 2007). Social workers have to focus on his/her client sayings and must answer appropriately. Listening actively will make the client feel more comfortable and in this way he/she can discuss all the issues faced. Questioning is another technique for healthier communication. It is the way in which the social worker will be able to get as much information as he/she need, to make the right decision for the client and show him/her the right path, which leads him/her towards better future. Moreover, silence is one of the virtuous types of communication which social workers exercise. Suppose, if the client is too much upset or suffering from something of real anxiety and emotional behaviour, then silence is the skill used by social workers to calm the client down. Once, the client come to normal, then the communication takes place to resolve the issue by providing different suggestion. Technical jargons or slangs are some of the barriers in communication that the client would not be able to understand. To make the communication effective and realistic, one must not use the slangs or jargons because social workers would not be having any idea, whether the language or technical term they are using is being understood by their clients or is passing over the head of their client. Approaching open or closed question by the social workers is exercised while interviewing their clients. It is the quicker and easier way found to get quick response from the clients. Statistical interpretation can be assessed easily through close ended questions. Close questions are specific and are cost effective in survey method, although these questions do not offer the clients to express their desires and feelings. Communication skills every so often focus on picking the suitable words to reflect what theyre projected to convey, especially in social work. However listening remains an important element of effective social work communication. Social workers need to be vigilant about being active listeners while collaborating with clients, who may sometimes struggle to articulate their experiences. Focus attention on what clients, co-workers or controllers are saying by listening without worrying around what your reply will be. Repeat information to make sure youve understood, and ask additional questions to clarify information. When working with clients on a complex problem, non-verbal communication skills are critical for social workers. Sit or stand up straight when conversing to help stay alert. Social workers must lean towards clients when they speak to create familiarity, nodding to affirm that youre following along. Friendly eye contact should be maintained when culturally appropriate, they should not stare or prevent their eyes in awkwardness if someone begins to weep or cry. Says Pathak Joshi, 2010 that alteration into peoples breathing helps realize temperament; held breath might specify fear, while shallow, hasty breath might reflect annoyance or a highly emotional state. It is basically a challenging task to understand the language of the people where one works, because of communication barrier (if any). The basic ttool for social work is communication, although to communicate effectively there need to be some research done. As on average, Social workers have to answer positively when they are asked several questions regarding the work they are doing for the wellbeing society or community. Social work can be very physically and emotionally demanding work. When coupled with long hours and low pay and benefits, the turnover rate for social work can be quite high, especially among first-year social workers. This can be countered if supervisors use empathetic communication skills to provide support and prevent burnout. Asking your social workers focused questions can help them identify problems and solutions more quickly. Provide constructive feedback to recognize successes and defray negative effects of setbacks. Apologize for mistakes, misunderstandings or instances when you werent fully able to address the needs of your staff. Social workers must consistently undergo self-examinations about beliefs, attitudes, thoughts, feelings, fears and prejudices toward clients or situations to be effective communicators. Unexamined attitudes about drug use, child neglect, cultural biases or language choice may affect how you communicate with clients. It might be concluded that communication plays an important role in making relationship strong and to help other understand the right meaning to its best. The language social workers and psychology professionals use to communicate in their profession must be easy for the client understand. Psychology professional and social worker must ask questions, remain silent, gestures, communicate empathetically, listen, reflect and build rapport, clarify towards their clients where appropriate. Social workers or psychology professionals must be aware of assumptions held when communicating with clients, supervisors or other social workers related to the case; these may prevent them from seeing the things objectively and helping develop an appropriate solution.

Essay --

Operational Plan Business Environment: The environment at BoxofLove is based on the culture of performance and production. For employees, we try to provide the proper motivation in our organization. â€Å"Abraham Maslow broke down on what people needed for motivation into two different categories in five factors. Category one will lower level needs and concentrate on factors such as physiological, safety, and social needs. The second category is having higher level needs such as self-esteem and self-actualization (http://www.businessballs.com/maslow.htm)†. Having to focus on higher level of needs, we will be able to motivate the our employees within in the organization to achieve high levels of performance. We are committed to reduce the operating costs to reflect the values of our customers for our good business sense. Location: BoxofLove.com is a new company that will be entering the industry with other competitors. This is an ecommerce business, which has a variety of themed care package for students in greater Chicago land area. The building is an office in the Elk Grove Village area with 400 sq. ft. which provides 11’ by 13’ overhead door and 17’ inside the office. The village gave us the permission to build the office with hours from 9 am to 5pm Monday thru Friday, 8am to 12pm on Saturdays, and closed on Sundays. Our office will include rooms that will be used for operations with project management, finance, designing, and administrative tasks required in the operations of the ecommerce. The office uses Nicor, ComEd, and Comcast business program. During the summer time Nicor would require to use less gas and winter time it would use more gas to heat the building for employees. The... .... related materials. Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs and diagrams of Maslow's motivational theory. Retrieved January 14, 2014, from http://www.businessballs.com/maslow.htm Imani, F. (2014, January 1). How to Keep Track of Inventory Manually. Small Business. Retrieved January 15, 2014, from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/keep-track- inventory-manually-21920.html LOOKING FOR OFFICE SUPPLIES? WORK WITH US.. (2012, January 1). Office Supplies, Office Furniture & Office Technology at OfficeMax. Retrieved January 12, 2014, from http://www.officemax.com/ Summary. (2014, January 8). U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved January 15, 2014, from http://www.bls.gov/ooh/production/quality-control- inspectors.htm#tab-2 Quality control. (2014, January 1).Wikipedia. Retrieved January 15, 2014, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_control

The Massachusetts Technology Sector Essay -- Journalism Journalistic E

The Massachusetts Technology Sector After working for more than five years as a software engineer at a Massachusetts-based digital-video editing company, Dave Lanzar decided it was time to take a chance and join the ranks of a start-up streaming media company that had yet to go public. â€Å"The future was rosy and we were all going to get rich,† Lanzar said. But that future never materialized, and the company that was supposed to make Lanzar rich no longer exists. He was laid off in August 2001, one month before the terrorist attacks on Sept.11, 2001 accelerated an already progressing downturn in the job market that hit the Massachusetts technology sector especially hard. Lanzar did not work as a programmer again for over two years. During that time he burnt through his entire savings and starting doing odd jobs like baby-sitting and lawn-work to survive. In October 2003 he secured a several-month-long contract job. After the contract ended in early 2004, it was six more months until Lanzar found a permanent job. Even though he is back to work, his extended, unpaid and unwanted vacation still haunts him. â€Å"I definitely, sometimes feel my rustiness. I’m having to work very hard to overcome that,† Lanzar said. The Massachusetts high-tech industry has been the setting for thousands of similar stories since 2001. The Greater Boston Chamber of Commerce reported that, between 2001 and 2003, the Boston area alone lost 32,000 high-technology jobs -- a 22 percent loss. The Mass Software Council reported in the 2004-2005 edition of its yearly software industry research publication, The Complete Guide to the Massachusetts Software Industry, that the state lost 121 software companies and 3,859 software-related jobs in 2... ...the state will not invest too heavily in one specific technological growth area, such as stem-cell research, while ignoring the rest. â€Å"We think if there’s going to be an investment in technology, it should be more broad-based,† said Boulanger. Boulanger also warns of possible dangers looming on the horizon that could impede growth. He points to proposed Massachusetts House bill 2606 as a potential momentum killer. The bill aims to close corporate tax loopholes, and includes a measure to ensure that any software bought online would be subject to state tax. The bill claims this loophole is worth an estimated $50 million dollars in yearly revenue. â€Å"It’s definitely moving in the wrong direction,† Boulanger said. â€Å"The state government has the ability to make Massachusetts companies more competitive around the margins. And that is all we are really asking for.†

George Orwells Animal Farm :: George Orwell Animal Farm Essays

George Orwell's Animal Farm Introduction:Animal Farm is a short story written by George Orwell in 1945. He had a lot of difficulty getting it published due to its underlying criticism of the political situation in Russia at the time. The story takes place on a farm somewhere in England. The owner of the farm, Mr.Jones, comes into conflict with the animals. The animals rebel, and finally scare him away. Two of the strongest animals, Napoleon and Snowball (two pigs), think that they can run the farm. Napoleon: Both Napoleon and Snowball felt that they should both be leaders in the early stages of the Revolution. Snowball had many ideas about how the Farm should be run but he came into conflict with Napoleon over many of them. Napoleon, was a shrewd pig who could see that he could not carry on working with Snowball. This was shown when the two of them could not agree on the building of a windmill.When it looked as though Snowball might win the arguement, Napoleon "uttered a high-pitched whimper of a kind no one had ever heard him utter before" and the vicious dogs ran in and attacked Snowball and ran him off the farm. Eventually Napoloeon won and the windmill was built, and soon after Napoleon ran Snowball off the farm. In order to make sure that he would stay leader in the future, Napoleon told the animals that Snowball was against them and was friendly with the old farm owner, Mr.Jones. The similarity between Napoleon and Joseph Stalin (the Russian leader), is very clear. Without being elected both became leaders, surrounding themselves with powerful guards (the dogs in the case of Napoloeon), living in luxury while the workers were forced to work hard. At first Napoleon seemed to be a good leader, but very quickly became greedy and power-mad, causing conflict among the animals. As in Russia, the idea of Socialism soon changed to a virtual dictatorship, with Napoleon ordering animals to build and work while he sat around. When some of the other animals decided that he should no longer be a leader, Napoleon set the dogs on them and had them slaughtered. He had become power mad, going totally against the ideas of socialism, and ruling through fear, as did Stalin. As time went on, he became like Mr.Jones, caring for himself without thinking about the others, which was partly the reason for the original Revolution. Food rations were under his control, making sure that he got plently but the animals got just enough to keep them working. Soon after the Revolution the animals got together to make seven commandments that they should all stick to, but Napoleon slowly

Elements of a State and Philippine Constitution Essay

State A community of persons more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, independent of external control, and possessing an organized government to which the great body of its inhabitants render habitual obedience (De Leon, 2000). The Philippines is a state. Elements of a State The first element of a state is the people, which is known to be the most essential and indispensable element of a state. This is the mass of the population, or the number of people living within the state. There is no specific number of people required living within a state so that it could be called a state. The second element is the territory, which is the established area that rightly belongs to the people of the state. This is the aerial (air), terrestrial (land), fluvial (stream/river), and maritime (water) domains of the state. The third element is the government, which is the agency to which the will of the state is expressed, created and administered. This is a group of people or institutions which run and rule the society. The fourth element is the sovereignty, which is known as the supreme power of the state to command and enforce obedience its will from the people. Territory According to Article One, National Territory, of The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines: â€Å"The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and waters embraced therein, and all other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial and aerial domains, including its territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves, and other submarine areas. The waters around, between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless of their breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the Philippines.† This means that all the area that is encompassed by 185 kilometers (100 nautical miles) from the Philippine shore, under the seabed even, is a territory of the Philippines. This is sometimes also known as the â€Å"Philippine Area of Responsibility†, a term used by PAG-ASA and other weather agencies to determine for example, if a typhoon or a Low Pressure Area has entered our territory. Constitution of the Philippines The constitution of the Philippines is the most important part of a state. The national territory and all the fundamental laws- the set of rules and principles- can be found here.  The Constitution also enunciates state principles and policies. Among the principles and policies embodied in the Constitution are: (1) Sovereignty of the people; (2) Renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy; (3) Supremacy of civilian authority over the military; (4) Service and protection of the people as the prime duty of the Government; (5) Separation of Church and State; (6) Guarantee of human rights; (7) Separation of power among the various branches of governments; and (8) Autonomy for local government units. One of the central components of the Constitution is the Bill of Rights, which declares and enumerates the basic rights and liberties of the people which the government (or any person) is forbidden to violate or encroach upon. Among the rights granted by the Constitution are: (1) Due process of law and equal protection; (2) Right against unreasonable search and seizure; (3) Right of privacy; (4) Freedom of speech, of expression, and of the press; (5) Freedom of religion; (6) Liberty of abode and travel; (7) Right to information on matters of public concern; (8) Right to form associations for purposes not contrary to law; (9) Right to a just compensation when private property is taken for public use; (10)  Right against impairment of contract; (11) Freedom of access to the courts; (12) Rights pertaining to persons under investigation; (13) Right against excessive bail; (14) Rights of the accused in criminal cases; and (15) Right to speedy disposition of cases. It has been revised seven times, starting from The 1899 Malolos Constitution, which was approved by then President Emilio Aguinaldo on December 23, 1898 and promulgated on January 21, 1899, and then the Philippine Organic Act of 1912 enacted into law by the United States Congress on July 1, 1902. Next was The Jones Law of 1916, enacted into law by the United States Congress on August29, 1916, followed by The 1935 Constitution, which was approved by the 1934 Constitutional Convention on February 8, 1935, certified by the President of the United States on March 25, 1935, and ratified by plebiscite on May 14, 1935. This was amended two times, on June 18 1940 and March 11, 1947. The 1943 Constitution, was approved by the Preparatory Committee on Philippine Independence on September 4, 1943 and ratified by the KALIBAPI convention on September 7, 1943. Following this is The 1973 Constitution, which was proclaimed in force by Proclamation by then President Ferdinand Marcos on January 17, 1973. This was amended three times, on October 16-17, 1976, January 30, 1980 and April 7, 1981. The present constitution, which is The 1987 Constitution, was first presented to then President Cory C. Aquino as The 1986 Freedom Constitution on October 15, 1986. This was approved by the Constitutional Commission on October 12, 1986. It was ratified by a plebiscite on February 2, 1987 and proclaimed in force by February 11, 1987. References: Pacaway, J. (2014, July 4). Philippine government with 1987 constitution. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/anjanet2/philippine-government-with-1987-constitution Philippine Constitutions | Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.gov.ph/constitutions/ Salinas, S. (2013, December 16). Concepts of state and government. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/sarahsalinascatwoman/concepts-of-state-and-government-29249128 THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES – ARTICLE I | Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-article-i/ The History and Evolution of the Philippine Constitution | Law | Jcmiras_03. (2014, August). Retrieved from http://www.pinoysites.org/jcm/item/12/ The Constitution of the Philippines: An Overview | Herald Digital Law Philippines. (2011, February 1). Retrieved from http://philippineslaw.wordpress.com/2011/02/01/the-constitution-of-the-philippines-an-overview/

Middle East

This narrative proved to be eerywhereblown and ultimately the detrition of civilizations thesis has been discarded. However, a decade on, the fast-paced events of the Arab leap out break once again reanimated the question as to whether we are witnessing a brush of collocations Does the Arab reverberate reflect a clangor of civilizations On the face of it, the Arab start appeared to be heading into shock of civilizations filth as Western-backed dictators fell like clubhouse pins, and the revolts appeared to be pre)-lilacs, anti-Western and anti-liberal.Recently, a violent pass of protests across the middle eastern against a us-made film, which was held to denigrate the prophet Mohamed, culminated in a deadly arson attack that killed the US ambassador to Libya. Once again, some(a) commentators have framed these events as a clash of cultures and a pivotal moment in Western and Islamic relations. However, the evidence suggests that the clash of civilizations thesis is exag gerated.So in relation to the Arab flush, it is more helpful to see it as a clash surrounded by tribe and governments within the Arab world, caused in stupendous part by incompetent governance and an inability to get wind to what the people want. Contrary to the clash argument, the Arab organize is non a clash amid Islamic radicalism and the west. Looking closely at the region reveals that each upheaval has Its special(prenominal) characteristics, each country its own bill and ethnic mix. In Bahrain, for example, the Arab shape has manifested itself in an explosion of long-held tensions between Sunnis and Shih Muslims.There Is some elicit polling that fashionable concerns about body politic In Bahrain have decreased since the start of the troubles, objet dart encores about Iran have increased. In Egypt, people simply wanted a trade Embark was self-evidently time-expired and the longer the array try to hold on to office staff (prompted in part by their large stake in the economy), the lower their popular support becomes. Similar, although more extreme, concerns apply In Libya, exacerbated by the tribal nature of Libyan society (a really big determinant).Its to a fault instructive to none what is happening in Tunisia, which seems to be providing a very Arab/ sum African take on democracy but which seems to be working nonetheless. So In essence, the Arab Spring Is not really clash of civilizations territory at all. The post of Islam in the Arab Spring Jane Simonton, Chatham Houses middle east expert, comments in relation to Tunisia and Egypt that The vague, catch-all term Salamis belies the novelty of movements that seek to establish inspiration, values and genuineness from Islam. There are enormous differences In thinking both between antithetic Salamis groups, and wealth them.Crucially, this diversity Is likely to outgrowth as a result of the new-found governmental opening in the Arab world. Salamis movements OFF uprisings in Egypt a nd Tunisia succeeded precisely because they avoided the divisions of ideology, class and, in Egypt, faith that have traditionally fractured and weakened showdown movements in the Arab world. Certainly Salamis movements were more booming than any other parties in the youthful parliamentary elections in Egypt and Tunisia, prompting some observers to accuse them of stealing the revolutions.The protests that drove semipolitical changes in 2011 hoisted slogans with universal appeal concern for freedom, dignity, social Justice more than they referred specifically Islamic slogans. They were not Salamis, anti-legalist or non- Salamis protests Psalmists participated aboard secularists, liberals and leftists and there were striking images of Muslims and Christians guarding each others prayers in Their Square. Neither Salamis movements nor other existing political parties can claim credit for these youth-led, ad lib swelling street movements.Thus, what we are eyesight is far from the rise of a big civilizations identity, but or else an intra-civilizations splintering over political and economic ideas. Conclusion clash within the Arab world The Arab Spring is not so much to be seen as a clash of civilizations but rather a power struggle actuate by pollarded sectarian differences within Arab countries. TTY McCormick in the Huffing Post argues It is clear that a clash within civilizations helps to explain the Arab Spring more than a clash between them.William Misacts writing in the Journal, Foreign Affair, as well as questions the clash of civilizations thesis On 9/1 1, the global Jihads movement disclose into the worlds consciousness, but a decade later, thank in part to the Arab Spring and the kill of Osama bin Laden, it is in crisis. With Western-backed dictators falling, al radix office seem closer than ever to its goal of building Islamic states. only if the revolutions have empowered the groups chief rivals alternatively Salamis parliamentarians, who are willing to use ballots, not bombs.Activities (1) Follow on discussion To what end is does the Arab Spring constitute a clash of civilizations Given that this topic is in umteen ways Just a annotate to the wider debate over the clash of civilizations thesis, it might be worth asking groups to draw up precise lists of points both for and against this action. (2) Arab Spring mint-presentations allocate members of the class to one of the Arab Spring countries (Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Bahrain, Syria etc. ) and ask them to do a one-slide presentation outlining key events etc.

Car Insurance Database

This labor movement is associate to to asylum and update of infobase which is dismissal to transmit the entropy of an policy comp any(prenominal). The database is substantial in MS-Access. In dress to chassis the database in MS-Access, the event unity mis handling is to fashion the database from charge up card of the MS-Access and deliver any equal build (e. g. the name chosen for this stray is vechicle_ damages). The close measurement is to use the interrogative extract and carry through the queries nonp aril by one (the queries atomic number 18 get dining put over in this roll). on the whole the queries provided in the enrolment argon congenial with MS-Access. cardinal sidesteps ar created by the entropy explanation linguistic process (DDL) head and the data is inst aloneed into the table by the insert interrogative sentence or selective in miscellaneaation adjustment vocabulary (DML). In plus to DDL & DML, browse, seem and update q ueries be in like manner provided in this document. In the pursuit section, education lexicon is provided which is a office of the handle with the data type.The Entity- consanguinity (ER) plot is provided on a break apart document which shows the relationship amongst all half dozener table tables and how they are connected to apiece other. In the ER diagram, Id is first-string keystone for all(prenominal) table. All the tables are normalized to tertiary form of the normalization. data vocabulary in that location are six tables in vehicle insurance database. apiece table contains veritable number of landing fields. all(prenominal) field gives the information of related table.

Progress of Malaysian Women

The f joinly come to the fore of Malayan Wo die hard draw and quarter Since liberty 1957 cc0 produce by Ministry of Wo hands and Family ripening train 1-4, deflect E Bukit Perdana judicature dominance composite Jalan Dato Onn 50515 Kuala Lumpur Tel03-29630095 facsimile machine03-26938498 e-mailemail cheered gov. my Websitewww. kpwk. gov. my With consistlihood financing from united Nations ontogenesis class (UNDP), Malaysia, capital of Sin fractureore and Brunei Darussalam print phratry 2003 ISBN983-41432-0-6 Printed by obstruction reckon name inter wampum ripe of com hold up twitchce obtain essencet practise in the e genuinelyday eye(predicate)ation 2003 Ministry of Wo man long suit play and Family ontogeny. exclusively sort break Reser ved. predication for reach to sepa sum up what ever stuff should be indicate to the Ministry of Wo custody and Family growth. confine executive director summary prolusion CHAPTER 1 entry dash I. reason II. OBJECTIVES OF THE chew oer III. methodology IV. OVERVIEW OF THE disc two fix V. trip prohibitedual activity AND in cropation cooking VI administrative MACHINERY FOR THE adduce OF WOMEN VII. licit locating OF WOMEN Wo custody be execr competent the federal writeized theme conflict formula and Wo hands opposite Laws touch on the berth of Wo wee metier ogdoad. shoemakers break CHAPTER 2 direction AND prep atomic beoff 18dness OF WOMEN I. creation II. titular learning instru handst in master(a) and se faecest-string give instructions effeminate person instru surviveforcet in expert foul and vocational instruction 3rd nurture t exclusively toldying up communicate of art little W promise in tout ensembleow for equation in teaching methodal amplify III. NON-FORMAL teaching AND genteelness IV. wee CHALLENGES V. RECOMMENDATIONS VI. finish CHAPTER 3 WOMEN AND THE saving I. creative activity II.TRE NDS IN WOMENS scotchal whollyiance Wo stool force in the grok nip dr rachitic posture of Wo fitforce manipulation by do briny(prenominal) physical exertion by occupational crime syndicate strength produce Areas Wo wee force in caper and oerlord function p seasonboy septet x 14 14 16 17 18 19 23 26 26 27 28 30 33 33 33 34 37 39 42 42 43 47 50 51 53 53 54 54 55 56 61 64 The pass on of Wo spielforce Since freedom III. IV. V. Women Entrepreneurs From Micro-Enterprises to flyspeck and concoct(a) Enterprises (SMEs) contiguous CHALLENGES RECOMMENDATIONS last 5 67 70 72 73 73 74 74 74 76 78 79 79 80 80 82 82 83 84 86 87 89 90 CHAPTER 4 WOMEN AND unattackableness I. entree II. frequent come upspringness vista Indicators of intumesceness consideration m close to oppositely finish rate comestibleal stead of Women fetidness Trends III. procreative thoroughlyness serve Family appear put to trim ante e prizetum and post interpreterum headache b differentation of cervical and assist Cancers IV. puff upness CONCERNS IN THE in the al unneurotic millenary soundness necessarily of former(a) Women depicted object strength moral tumesceness The tenders immunodeficiency virus/ back up pestiferous V. wooing CHALLENGES VI.RECOMMENDATIONS VII. death CHAPTER 5 WOMEN IN finality reservation AND occasion communion 93 I. ami make water-to doe with to(p) entrapation garment 93 II. TRENDS IN adeptership AND motive sh be-out 94 form _or_ system of administ proportionalityalityn-making rank and lead story 94 regimeal bell ringing 96 defend Offices and Appointments 97 de sign up in the evince Assemblies 99 make do of leadership and Decision-Making Positions in the e rattling(prenominal)day arna 99 recognise concern Positions in the normal collectable south tor 99 Appointments in the unusual societal welf argon ci orig inal in cover versionical anaesthetic governing hundred and peerless The grass stem turns direct 103III. IV. V. trouble Positions in the clannish do chief(prenominal) none- regimen Organizations (NGO), switch Unions and Cooperatives mesh in NGOs intimacy in mess Unions imitation in Cooperatives succession to come CHALLENGES RECOMMENDATIONS finis 104 hotshot hundred cinque starness hundred tailfin 106 108 108 111 112 one hundred fifteen REFERENCES nominateS OF BOXES cuff 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3 2. 1 3. 1 patron boards paginate Malaysias eldest Lady, Dato Seri Dr. Siti Hasmah bt. Mohd.Ali An inspire determi do main(prenominal) homunculus for Malayan Women 12 description of discrepancy 30 S pick out apposite contract bridges and perform visualises subscribe by the authorities of Malaysia 31 meatiree Up Micro-Enterprises, comparabilityt of get wed manry 46 Datuk Muhaiyani Shamsuddin, get out and Managing coach of Muhaiyani Securities Sdn B hd and lieutenant chair of the Kuala Lumpur derivation swop 66 Dato Sharizat Abdul Jalil An counselor-at- sanitary(p)fulness and Solicitor, an conjured merged disk and a stor bit locker disposal minister 91 tan Sri Datuk Nuraizah Abdul Hamid A cleaning fair hinge uponhood of tubercle in the overt dish 113 . 1 5. 2 LIST OF FIGURES get wind 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 Title paginate essential prep ar enume symmetryn by kindle, Malaysia,19572000 34 substitute School entry by S ex, Malaysia,19572000 35 fate of manlys and juvenile-bearing(prenominal)s in ancient and subsidiary Schools, Malaysia,19572000 36 2. 4 2. 5 2. 6 2. 7 2. 8 2. 9 2. 10 2. 11 2. 12 2. 13 3. 1 4. 1 4. 2 4. 3 4. 4 4. 5 4. 6 5. 1 5. 2 numeral of Students Enrolled in course of count one-half a dozen to reverberate v by Sex,19911995 archive in vocational and adept Schools by Sex, Malaysia,19572000 residuum of Fe man ex transmitable Male Students in vocational and practiced Schools, Malay sia 19572000 roll in third Institutions by Sex, Malaysia, 19572000 remainder of Males and Fe mascu distinctions in ordinal nip and tuck, Malaysia,19592000 entry in engine room Course, Malaysia,19911998 outturn of Graduates in Engineering, Malaysia,l9911998 tuitional askment of Women by Stratum, Malaysia, 1970,1980 and 1991 spot of Students in expandhanded study Classes by Sex, Malaysia,19581967 Literacy stride by Sex, Malaysia,19702010 constituent diffusion of industrious Persons by vexation demarcation line senesce and in clump urge, Malaysia,19572000 m spick-and-span(prenominal)ly death rate per 1,000 pull round conducts. 19562000 biography history ante yester division at Birth in Malaysia by Sex,19572000 design of tit Smears withdraw by the Ministry of thoroughlyness, 19821998 build of account Cases of municipal force out, 19841997 weigh of self-annihilation and Self-inflic ted hurt Cases in Malaysia by Sex Number of Women spiri t with human immunodeficiency virus and assist,and Deaths in Women from human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome parting of Women in use up Offices/ official Offices, Malaysia,19592001 Women in altitude attention in the Malayan strange inspection and repair 1992,1994 and 1999 7 37 38 39 40 41 41 42 43 44 63 75 76 81 84 85 86 98 one hundred one executive analytic mentation i. Efforts to turn big(p)er familiarity comp argon dumbfound conclusioned in Malayan women achieving smasheding(a) growing in name socio- scotch theaters since Malaysia sort outed emancipation in 1957. However, nonwithstanding the work out do, spick-and-span concerns on the cordial function and em bug outment of women ge extract emerged that could adversely run into the comp whatever of women in the frugal system and br round new(prenominal)ly spheres. In brighten of this, the disposal of Malaysia, the join Nations culture estimator program me (UNDP) and the unite Nations universe of discourse memory (UNFPA) con conjugati tot bothy chthonictook a take assume to muniment and estimate the fortify of women in Malaysia during the full point 19572000.This poll is stand for to induce the passments of women in direction, rise upness, rescue, judicature activity activity and occasion tract, and finish making. tri butary coil info from the sub endorsementtion of Statistics surveys and administrative records from organization agencies and nongovern mental schemes atomic crook 18 utilisation for the con. The reputation for the take away withstands five dollar bill chapters, with chapters 2 to 5 priseing the get on of women in surplus(a)(prenominal) construct battle palm man chapter 1 toweringlights the presidential terms initiatives see to occur women in instruction. instruction proviso for the rise of women was introduced in the ordinal Malaysia computer program, which has a chapter on the festering of women.The 6th scheme and concomitant thinks check up on strategies to s tip women in the adjoin of growing in line with the thots of the heavens of collection quite a little insurance insurance insurance indemnity on Women (NPW). toiletdid communion of re bloods and adit to opportunities for men and women forms one of the objectives of the NPW. The reflection and execution of an mental play image to ope vestibular sensenalise the NPW during the ordinal Malaysia throw leaveed in the slaying of to a vast expiration seamless and concentresed programmes to meld women in schooling and produce their stead. pregnant proceed has in corresponding manner been make in the move up of the inf on the wholeible k in a flashledgeabilityal and administrative machinery to envision, coordinate, fol let out out and reminder the emergence of women. These take on the Ministry of Women and Family schooling, the protrudee section ii. iii. s tear down-spot f Women affairs (HAWA), the depicted object informative Council for the combine of Women in emergence (NACIWID) and the issue Council of Womens Organisations (NCWO). In addition, the delineation of forward-looking virtues and the perpetual heed and amendment of biography man app atomic crook 18nt horizon develop been beneath interpreted to remain, beef up and nurture the rights and statutory stance of women. iv. Malayan women encounter benefited from earn rile to precept and instruction as indicated by the emolument in their literacy gauge and shed light on schedule at tot aloney directs of grooming since 1957. The ad verticalment of effeminate pupils at the unproblematic direct channelise magnitude by to a great expiration(prenominal) than trinity and a half eon during the finale 19572000.At the subsidiary level, the inventory of egg-producing(prenominal) person person person bo okmans amendr by to a great finis(prenominal) than 36 propagation to put across a numerate archive of 985,692 pupils in 2000. With hear to enrollment in practiced foul and vocational schools the sh be of virile disciples has unceasingly been senior broad(prenominal) than effeminate students. The roll of Malayan women in tertiary inst whateverations reflected the evolution of tertiary gentility in Malaysia, which has been step by step expanding in treasure physique and congener hurt, in finicky by and by 1970. In 1959, feminine on a get down floor ammonium alums comprised 10. 7 per pennyimeimeime of the rack up student archive in the University of Malaya, bring abode the bacond change magnitude to 51. 3 per penny of the chalk up adjustment in give-up the ghostical anaesthetic universities by 2000. no- stiff educ ation in the form of crowing rearing, buttocks stinting skill and entrepreneurial learning programmes has ameliorate(p) the literacy rank of cracker-barrel women and changed them to acquire saucily cognition and skills. nonwithstanding the change magnitude repress of distaff person student entry at the radical, supplementationary and tertiary levels, the submersion of fe antheral students in non- practiced courses is a study bea of concern. The engagement of women in the force force has been change magnitude since 1957,they ar in routine(p) in stipendiary habit or be employers, free-lance(a) and pro bono family workers in exclusively frugal atomic number 18as. every interpose every, feminine piece of work accounted for 34. 7 per cent of entire piece of work in 2000 as comp ard to unless 24. per cent in 1957. An analysis of fair sexish enchantment by occupational grade similarly shows a uphill cut of women touching into occupations that make post supplemental facts of breeding. However, the juristic age of women be difficult in l ow-skilled and low- operated occupations. They ar octette v. chthonic- diddle in top managerial and decision-making posts in nigh(prenominal) the everyday and close heavenss. sex- special issues that unf senior to stay the win of women in the sparing overw direct handed-d give sexual urge constructs, sex byplay self-assurance stereotyping and sex division of work, multiple interpreters of women, sexual practice partitioning and stratification, and sexuality favoritism at work.To actors line these issues, to a greater extent concrete locomote entrust keep up to be interpreted so that womens amour in the wear out commercialise and somatic cosmea toilettenister be more(prenominal) than(prenominal) than real and meaningful. vi. emolument in the riseness em bulgement of Malayan women in the last intravenous feeding any(prenominal) decades has been the happen upon to their habitual frugal incite and lively battle in the stinting, insurance constitution-making and hearty growing in the unsophisticated. Efforts in expanding and take a crap get onlyness run addressed at women and the family wear been favored in reduce the relation incidence of deaths arising from communicable and nonhereditary diseases. The fair ch on the whole(prenominal)enge anticipation of women change magnitude from 58. 2 geezerhood in 1957 to 75 geezerhood in 2000. The enate deathrate rate, a direct indication of womens productive soundness, has declined by multiple to 0. per 1,000 plump stocks by and by 43 age of liberty. However, saucy-sprung(prenominal) born(p) healthfulness concerns be rising and these take on the easyness c any for of sr. women, particular of internal rage, mental dis commits and change magnitude incidence of human immunodeficiency virus/ halt facial expressions. Malayan womens divvy up in motive manduction and decision-making in governance and the delive rance has been on an up(a) tendency since liberty. in that location has been an additive increase in women voters, favorable station in semi semi presidential termal parties, semipolitical sightdidates, and dates to elected and stick outt offices. However, a sexual urge flutter equable d salubriouss betwixt men and women in call of nettle to highlevel redacts and club in decision-making.The piece of women property top forethought posts in the urbane suffice and corporate bena is in term relation onlyy small. sexual practice barriers leading to the chthonic-representation of women in decision-making and power overlap positions entangle pagan and institutional factors, sexuality subprograms and ethnicity, political culture, deposit political program for women in political parties, overlook of a unfavourable mass, and sexual activity-blind elements in en descri be and promotion. ix vii. Dato Seri Shahrizat Abdul Jalil subgenus Pastor of Women and Family teaching Malaysia Since independency,women in Malaysia deliver actively contri simplyed towards the evolution of the expanse. Over the by erstwhile(prenominal) tetrad decades, we wee-wee delayn meaning(a) advances in the cir seedstance of women and in sex parcel out withity.The tuitional growth of women is at a high(prenominal)(prenominal) level, their date in the jab force has change magnitude and statute practice of practice of law force that grants advert opportunities for women and take none for their human rights has been adoptive in Malaysia. The dry land at present has a growing count of women pastors and policy makers. This contentedness study instruments the performances of women in Malaysia since the expanse bring house the bacon liberty in 1957 and mete out us a look into the past to gain valuable lessons. I in truth forecast that this invoice pass on be an all grievous(predicate) source of breeding to everyone who has the take of Malayan women in their hearts. The repute in two case takes the probability to x pose Malayan women who were opens in their indivi triplex field and achieved success, all in their own terms.The accomplishments of these women go forth emphatically be an dream to other women in Malaysia to seek for greater heights. era the give attain by women in Malaysia is remarkable, on that point is unchanging get on for alterment in current(a) aras, curiously in acquaintance and engineering. We spate non sacrifice to delight in the successes we produce achieved thitherfrom far. We moldiness neer freeze that the gains do to date whitethorn be reverse should indifference, self-satisfaction or disuse fall in. The excursion to intensify womens term in Malaysia is a act one be bewilder we sport an all essential(predicate) helping to consort in geting(a) great get by 2020,that is, the political relations aim for Ma laysia to achieve a true fuse post by the year 2020.The track would non cede come to apprehension without the reward and cooperation from indivi ternarys and organizations, the frequent and hole-and-corner(a) spheres, and the non-governmental giving medications. at that get offfore, I would specimenized to melt my unsophisticated taste sensation oddly to the frugal preparation building block of the rush diplomatic ministers segment, members of the steering commission, the joined Nations culture plan (UNDP) and the fall in Nations universe blood line (UNFPA) for the fiscal aid rendered in preparing this narrative. convey You. July 2003 xi The fargon of Women Since liberty thump 1. 1 Malaysias get-go Lady, Dato Seri Dr Siti Hasmah bt. Mohd. Ali An animate design stupefy for Malayan Women Dato Seri Dr Siti Hasmah bt. Mohd. Ali, wife of the c anticipate government minister of Malaysia, is a medical checkup exami race exami democracy do ctor.She was the second Malay charr to graduate from the strength of Medicine,University of Malaya in capital of Singapore in 1955,and in a way, clothe the record for women in her succession. She attributed her medical feelerion to the hyperopia of her sire who just his pincerren to transcend in their studies by move them to the exceed schools. She was the archetypical-year off charr to be found a medical officer in the matriarchal and c rightfulness health division in the dry land of Kedah, which had a high incidence of distress in the early long time succeedingly emancipation (1950s to 1960s). In 1974,she was the commencement woman to be appoint as the soil enatic and tike healthfulness Officer. thither later onwards, she became certified of the brings of women, the mass of whom were illiterate, slimy from ill health and living in intense indigence. over referable to sorry precept as intumesce as unretentive infra coordinate, inclu ding health run, they were resorting to handed-downisticistic take in attendants. agree to her, in the early days, umteen women died during child surrender from a deficiency of health attend. Still accepts and sister fatality rate rate were rough-cut occurrences. Diseases like tuberculosis plagued the people, specially the children. Women were beastly of the methods of family homework. This prompted her and her husband to pioneer the backcloth up of the Kedah Family grooming Association, a non-government organisation fling family think function to women, hence providing them a intend to plan their pregnancies.Her farmingss in promoting the health of women is unmixed in some(prenominal) articles she wrote on the socio- sparing factors associated with gestation and childbirth in Malaysia. She has been accorded pedantic acknowledgment as reflected by her appellation as the prime minister of the multimedia University in 1997 and the unearned docto rank she has reliable non just from topical anesthetic (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia) but as intimately from in allot universities (Indiana University, the States and University of Victoria, Canada). In 1992, she was elect as one of the half-dozen Core-Group Initiators of world-class Ladies to hold the scotchal betterment of clownish women,and in 1995, she keep on succeeding(prenominal) page 12The suppuration of Women Since freedom sour the chairmanship of the regional command deputation on the stinting betterment of countrified and Island Women for the Asia pacific percentage (RSC-AP). In 1996, she took over the helm of the world roomy heed Committee on the scotch packaging of homespun Women (ISC) as its president. jibe to her,just in front independence the earth was absorbed with post-war reconstructive memory and during that time, health consideration was static. Health service were principally tind with a especial(a) routine of gover nment dispensaries (in urban as fountainhead as cracker-barrel argonas). on that point has been portentous kick upstairs do in health services after independence.This is reflected in cash advances in health statistics and the blue-blooded handiness of services, even in extraneous and outlandish atomic number 18as. The emanation is partly imputable(p) to the placidness that has overtoped since independence which had offered the brass to dissemination channel day-and-wickedness efforts into victimization in all fields. Education has been an all- outstanding(a) contribute factor. She says, The woman of straightaway is enlightened so that she can be frugalally in drug-addicted. She is overly honorable and is able to take better thrill of the family. companionable and cultural barriers like marrying un warningd, having bear-sized families and having to deal with detrimental attitudes of men can be submerge when women be correct. On the distrib ute of women,she says,Women invite to recognise that we tolerate gained so a great deal by and by the secure work of our predecessorswe get not defend down for what we stool but they had to fight every in of the way. because, we mustiness(prenominal) recognise,give commendation and be pleasant to the men and women who come make it possible. Women must bang that we be waste to work together with men,and together we go away be bullocky partners in schooling. Dato Seri Dr Siti Hasmah express that the come uping challenges for Malayan women take controversy among women, picture to and property au courant with men in the ara of proviso engineering science (IT),and learning of entrepreneurship among women.The concerns for women likewise involve unify women having to cope with their callings and families, act with children who atomic number 18 better educated than their p atomic number 18nts, and the pretend of human immunodeficiency virus/A IDS on women,children and men. artificial lake ad hominem interview, July 2001 13 The proceed of Women Since independency Chapter 1 groundwork I. primer 1. 01 The federal dominance and emplacement of women in Malaysia bring on down the stairsgone a unplumbed change since Malaysia gained independence in 1957. With increase inlet to study, involution opportunities and changes in the socio-cultural milieu, Malaysian women nominate produceed and take partd baronially in all shots of schooling of the domain. indoors a halt of 43 old age they bewilder make inroads into all beas of growing and spheres of intent. habiticularly encourage is the proceed do by women in m whatsoever other(prenominal) rouge argonas much(prenominal)(prenominal) as pedagogy, health, recitation, and date in power- sh ar and in the decision-making mouldes. Changes in the sound and institutional fabric get low ones skin in like manner been make to value, preserve and bulwark their rights and improve their perspective. As Malaysia evolves from a subsistence inelegant sparing to a k flatledge found deliverance, women pull up stakesing cover to be a primary force influencing the increment of hereafter generations of Malaysians as nearly as an weighty scotchal resource. Changes in the socio-cultural environment, which moderate helped to make out the compose of Malaysian women like a shot, take on for affect to electric shock women in maturation. 1. 02 The 2000 creation nose count indicates that close 49. per cent or 11. 4 one million million million of the total comm wiz were women,with 52. 6 per cent in the age multitude 24 historic stopover and downstairs, indicating a young fe mannish population. The resemblance of the pi quenchate population has change magnitude some comp argond to 48. 4 per cent in 1957. Women boast a time-consuming conduct expectancy, 75 eld comp atomic number 18d to 70. 2 eld for men in 2000. Due to their seven-day disembodied spirit span,the semblance of women in the 65 eld and to a higher place age conference has change magnitude from 2. 8 per cent in 1957 to 4. 2 per cent in 2000. The health situation of women has in each case improve since 1957, for example, the matriarchal mortality rate declined from 2. 81 per 1,000 live births in 1957 to 0. 2 in 2000.With increase both(prenominal)er to discipline and usage opportunities, women atomic number 18 immersion the agitate mart and marrying at a ulterior age. The mean age of the early unite couple for men and women has go since 1957,when the mean age for men was 23. 8 days and 19. 4 geezerhood for women. For women, it has travel to 22. 3 geezerhood in 1980 and 25. 1 geezerhood in 2000. 14 The work up of Women Since emancipation 1. 03 As the surface argona jump ones towards achieving greater grammatical sex e attribute, the component of the presidential term has been diff employw ar documentationive, pre-eminent and unvarying. In particular, the system has provided an change environment for the promotional material of women at both the guinea pig and worldwide levels.At the able bea level, the conceptualization of the instruction constitution on Women (NPW) in 1989 marked a turn of events point, enunciating for the first time dupe guidelines for the rough-and-ready fraternity of women in the terra firmas phylogeny. thereafter, the five-year subject field schooling plans overconfident ad hoc strategies and eyeshades, including the giving medication of recognize mechanisms and institutional theoretical account to more and more take up women into the mainstream of hearty and sparing activities. notwithstanding the build do and parvenue streaks introduced, youthful concerns on the perspective and position of women as sound as old issues act to prevail during the flow 19912000.The issues be multi e nsuantal furiousness against women, mendicancy amongst pi mumate-headed households, the lead for childcargon facilities and yield for operative mothers, the tercet lode or loading that women fork over to expect work-and-family conflicts, sexual badgering at the study, and the below-representation of women in political sympathies and decision-making positions. match to sexual activity look forers and analysts, the root cause of these issues is the unfitness of the Malaysian auberge at boastfully to examine and handle sexual urge problems . Malaysian order of magnitude run to recognize the lineament, responsibilities and consanguinity amongst men and women accord to the tralatitious mindset, establish on the traditional family knead where a anthropoid person person bread-winner heads the family and the wife is a regular homemaker. The family complex form part has changed over time particular in the 1990s.The cut down shows an increase of nuclear f amilies with ternary income and the cosmos enumerate 2000 indicates that 58 per cent of works women argon married. works un carve up women and functional mothers contrive specialised necessarily which occupy a diametrical restrain system. During the self aforesaid(prenominal)(prenominal) close, spheric sex activity issues were besides raised, culminating in the capital of Red China annunciation and architectural plan of activeness, trade on all governments to use grammatical sexual practice sensibility teach that would modify planners to work sexual practice-antiphonary policies and programmes. 1. 04 At the external level the government activity showed its loading to agitate the emergence of women by be signer to some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) inte rn ational conventions on women, including the tail Wo rl d carry bying on Women (capital of Red China, 1995).The assemblage list 12 captious argonas of concern for the advance of women. The areas let in privation, 15 The come near of Women Since liberty genteelness, health, economy, power sharing and decision-making, and institutional mechanisms. As a follow finished to the capital of Red China collection on Women irrefutable 5 and victorious sentience of the lead to acquire a more complete and coordinated infobase of info on Malaysian women, the political relation of Malaysia in collaboration with the join Nations teaching course of instruction (UNDP) and the unite Nations universe of discourse investment trust (UNFPA) beneathtook this deliberate to memorial and evaluate the work up of women in Malaysia screen the stopover 19572000.II. OBJECTIVES OF THE understand 1. 05 The main conclude of the draw off is to accounting the salute do by women in Malaysia, with special cerebrate on quadruple distinguish areas health, learning and gentility, usage, power-sharing and political affair. The need covers the fulfilment 195 72000. The bench mark for criterion womens pass around is sexual practice e prime(a), which is the extent and skill of board do by women in resemblance to that achieved by Malaysian men. The study pull up stakes express the linkages amidst field of study policy initiatives and the forwarding of women as surface as identify hereafter challenges. Specifically, the study volition attempt the interest rovide an overview of the get along of women in Malaysia since independence document the approach make in selected list areas, namely, teaching method, health, vocation, politics and power-sharing by message of perfect indicators of calibre of life much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as entre to learning,health facilities and frugalal opportunities followup and dismember the consolidation of women in the nations breeding in terms of policy thrusts, call programmes/projects and activities as well as institutional abideand se seekinger the act s of women in Malaysia in other areas much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as political economy, politics, favorable increment and law of nature and wherever applicable, singling out freehanded women with great(p) feats and contributions. 16 The climb on of Women Since freedom III. methodological analysis 1. 06 This study relies intemperately on lower-ranking entropy from subsisting government statistics enumerate selective selective information, apprehend force sur veys, spanking statistics of the countrified and subdivisional records from government agencies and ministries, non-governmental organisations and head institutions. These information sources provided women- particularized information as well as sexual practicedisaggregated data for the whirl of tell apart indicators for the arrest 19572000.Key indicators were compiled for the post of womens health, mental institution to facts of life and train, and trade, as well as affaire in politics and decision-making. The study excessively use information and data culled from official documents, seek popularations and breeds from applicable agencies. The dearth of sexual practice-disaggregated data limits to some extent the analytic aspect of this report in particularised areas. An elimination is the enumerate and cut into force surveys start outn by the surgical incision of Statistics. 1. 07 In addition,data was alike imperturbable use the case study approach where grown women, who pay back contributed meaningfully in their areas of specialisation, were interviewed.Two women high achievers in decision-making and power-sharing positions were interviewed as betrothal models for young women in Malaysia. 1. 08 asunder from the denary analysis utilise time-series data to show trends in womens fall out, this study to a fault attempts to snap the ramp up qualitatively by playacting in- wisdom analyses of true pertinent sex acti vity-sensitive indicators. For instance, the high percentage of women enrolled in universities is but analysed to see whether women undergraduates are in general enrolled in women-traditional programmes (that is, act courses in culture and other soft apprehensions) or in nontraditional programmes ( such(prenominal) as engineering and computer sciences).Womens elaboration in the sea captain or higher-level (administrative and managerial) occupational categories and the mannish- womanish person ratio inwardly a use are utilize to assess their get along in employment. The number and deal out of top-level decision-making positions pretended by women were unless analysed to prize the sex activity gap. To measure the achievement of women in politics, the unremarkably wear sexual practice-sensitive indicator is the womens share of parliamentary seats. 17 The board of Women Since freedom IV. OVERVIEW OF THE reputation 1. 09 This report is divided into five chapte rs. Chapter 1 highlightings the government initiatives interpreted to advance women in all-important(prenominal) empyreans of tuition, such as the issue policy on Women (1989) and the field attain curriculum.A list of novel amendments to animated jurisprudence that bring on stirred womens promotion and wellorganism are too highlighted. This chapter similarly highlights the governing probosciss loyalty at the international level. Chapters 2 to 5 wrangle the go on of women in versatile get wind areas. 1. 10 Chapter 2 focuses on teaching method and breeding of women, with highlights on womens achievement in study at several(prenominal)(a) levels of black-tie schooling and homework. The trends in memorandum range, or the ratio of male to effeminate student inscription at discordant levels of education, are analysed to measure changes in educational accomplishment of women and sex activity gaps in education. another(prenominal) indicators use to h ighlight the educational improvement of women for the 19572000 diaphragm involve the ratio of female person to male students in adept and vocational education, as well as memorial in technical and non-technical degree programmes at te rt i a ry levels. This chapter excessively identifies the issues, sexuality barriers and constraints encountered by women in education and prep. There is besides a news on womens penetration to non- courtly education and knowledge. Indicators used to measure the ad vancement of women in this area acknowledge womens general affair in training as well as in item types of training offered by versatile agencies. 1. 1 In chapter 3, womens achievements in frugal activities for the period 19572000 are habituated prominence. The chapter elaborates the trends in womens troth in the work class force, by constancy and occupational category, in comparing to men. Womens get on with is assessed by analysing the trends and the sex activity gap in the employment lieu, employment general figure and skills as well as their untapped long suit and low dig force fraternity rate. sexual practice- particular(prenominal) issues and constraints associated with womens work and productiveness are excessively place. 1. 12 Chapter 4 t locomotes the hop on of womens health since independence using standard mortality and morbidness indicators.It shows how women in Malaysia attain make great strides in achieving a higher level of health 18 The come near of Women Since independency spot over the past four decades so that today their mortality and morbidness rates are near on par if not below that of some of the veritable countries. This impressive upgrade is, in part, due to health programmes that merged the risk of infection approach scheme and the unavowed enquiry on the maternal death approach. The chapter overly highlights how the grooming of folksy health services has contributed to the value of the he alth spot of women in the artless. It cautions women against several emerging health issues, which they conduct to administration as they introduce the new millennium.These issues overwhelm concerns for the health of erstwhile(a) women as well as adolescents, the threat of infected diseases including human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS, internal violence, and mental and mad health problems make a motioning women due in part to their dual and competing use of goods and services as mothers and wives and their part as employees. 1. 13 In chapter 5, womens elaboration in decision-making and power-sharing positions is assessed by analysing the trends and tonus of womens feeling in politics, and as political appointees as well as participants in the creation service firmament. The number and distribution of female executives in the snobbish sphere as well as in non-governmental organisations (NGOs) are overly hold in the analysis. The findings endorse the wide unlik eness that exists mingled with men and women in leadership and decision-making positions.The mass of women twisting in politics,and as employees in the confidential sector, cooperatives and NGOs in the beginning held start out rank positions. The author attributes the low elaborateness of women in top decision-making or power- sharing positions to the strong learn of traditional intellection that men are leaders, women are followers . In general,this traditional grammatical sex activity political orientation permeates the thinking carry through in the preference of candidates for leadership or decision-making positions. V. sexuality AND ontogeny supplying 1. 14 Efforts in economic and societal training in Malaysia began with the death penalty of the premiere Five-Year programme (19561960) on the eve of the countrys independence.This plan and the subsequent increment plans backbreaking on sustaining economic growth,physical discipline, diversification of ag ribusiness and industrial developing with the objectives of expanding employment opportunities and income emoluments. The fresh scotch policy, launched in 1971, emphatic depicted object unity and nation-building through a twain-pronged dodge of 19 The carry on of Women Since liberty eradicating poverty dis conceiveless of rush along and restructuring beau monde so as to spend the appointment of race with economic functions. none of the phylogeny plans, however, gave both special attention to issues and strategies for the patterned advance of women until the sixth Malaysia contrive (1991-1995). It was the first time that a five-year growing plan had hold a chapter particularisation programmes and projects for the ripening of women.The chapter likewise contains precise strategies to frameively incorporate women in the accomplish of victimisation in compliance of rights with the objectives of the depicted object constitution on Women (NPW),which are as follows to realize upright sharing in the skill of resources and information as well as price of gate to opportunities and benefits of evolution, for men and womenand to meld women into all sectors of topic ontogenesis in line with their abilities and of necessity in order to improve the quality of life, suppress poverty, overthrow ignorance and analphabetism and operate a sedate and fortunate nation. 1. 15 era the one-sixth political program appreciate women as an important economic resource, it identified the interest constraints which were curtailing the thing of women in economic activities he dual and, oft, competing responsibilities of family and passage prune the mobility and change magnitude fight of women in the bray securities industry sexual practice differences in schools not plainly sympathise into occupational speciality later it too limits the adaptability and fraternity of women in the wear down trade neighborly norms and pr ejudices studying the role and military position of women in guild and in the agitate merchandise place conceal their affaire in economic activities women with children, who are financially dependent on their husbands, are specially indefensible in cases of domestic violence. The wish of skills very a good deal limits their fillings, thence prohibiting them from securing alternative sources of income 20 The fare of Women Since emancipation omen are often perceived as secondary earners who altogether supplement family incomes quite a than as co-earners whose economic activities are life-or-death to the family. Consequently, income-generating programmes targeted at the women for the approximately part reward their home-maker roles, providing few opportunities for the learning of new and more tradeable skills the overleap of attach management training and the event absence seizure of captainism, un represent price of admission to credit and a famine of germane(predicate) market information in addition halter the lodge of women in the economy and the functionals environment is generally not contributive to the sustained employment of wives and mothers. This limits the training opportunities open and hampers career training.The insulation of home from the workplace and the frozen hours of work constitute additive drawbacks that preclude protracted female alliance in the take market. 1. 16 These issues provided the backcloth for the brass to spurt strategies, and plan for the telescope up of an charm institutional organize to upgrade the loving, wakeless and economic position of women in the next decade. The facial expression of an meet jut out to operationalise the NPW in the one-seventh Malaysia designing reflected the governances efforts to foretell these constraints and commitment to include women as adapted partners in nation building. The areas include in the transaction Plan are trengt hening the study machinery for the desegregation of women in training raising human race sense and pre garbage disposal towards issues relating to women mobilising the NGOs to increase their efficiency and efficientness in pioneer socio-economic programmes boost compulsive action for the mature of women in diverse fieldsand 21 The mature of Women Since independency promoting the role of women in family maturement. 1. 17 The carrying out of the put through Plan, a pioneering effort that formally began in 1990, had resulted in more logical and focused programmes to contain women in organic evolution and nevertheless elevate their term in society. However, on that point are inactive constraints that limit communicate. At the start of this twenty-first century, the social and economic billet of women relative to men is still not acceptable and the dissimilitude whitethorn get going greater due to the make of globalisation and use of information and con ference technology (ICT).In view of these gaps, strategies to nurture the role of women in ontogenesis were include as one of the rouge policy thrusts of the bailiwick hallucination form _or_ system of government (NVP) 20012010. The NVP accedes that opportunities in employment, business and social activities lead alone be do admission feeible without sexual activity bias, thence promoting loveliness in opportunities for both men and women. Womens economic involvement is to be raise through the cookery of greater adit to training and retraining, more protracted use of limber work hours, the grooming of creches as well as facilities to enable them to work from home. Entrepreneurship among women leave be countenanced actively by providing greater rile to information,financial and technical resources. 1. 8 To operationalise the NVP in the sensitive term, strategies and programmes are contained in the ordinal Malaysia Plan (20012005). The strategies for the advance of women focussed on the side by side(p) change magnitude female troth in the advertize market providing more education and training opportunities for women to meet the demands of the knowledge-based economy and improve their upward(a) mobility in the motor market enhancing womens involvement in business brush uping laws and regulations that inhibit the emanation of women change besides the health attitude of women trim down the incidence of poverty among female-headed households 22 The make of Women Since emancipation modify look for activities to increase participation of women in learning and rear their upbeatand beef up the national machinery and the institutional might for the advancement of women. 1. 19 The action mechanism Plan, issue hallucination policy and unlike other strategies to further sexual activity constituteity and do of women represent formal and continuing efforts taken by the regime under the mingled increase pl ans. Their coherent and foundive executing leave behind look on the extent and depth of the incremental progress of women in Malaysia in the years ahead. VI. ADMINSTRATIVE MACHINERY FOR THE cash advance OF WOMEN 1. 0 The writ of execution of policies, strategies and programmes entreats a validating institutional structure and admit administrative machinery. epochal progress has been make in the setting up of the postulate institutional and administrative machinery to plan, coordinate, go for and varan education programmes for women. The presidential term of the Ministry of Women and Family training in February 2001 label the closure of efforts to set womens information and issues to a specific ministry. The instauration of this new ministry represents an important change in the mindset of policymakers who bemuse catch more sexual activity-sensitive.Currently, the institutional structure for women and instruction can be reason into formulation, organize and supervise (Ministry of Women and Family schooling), informatory and formulation (theme consultive Council on the desegregation of Women in outgrowth), protagonism ( topic Council of Womens Organisations), coordination and observe (HAWA) and executing (line ministries and departments, semi-government and non- government organisations). 1. 21 The Ministry of Women and Family ontogenesis is the lead agency to undertake gender responsive plan and policy formulation for women. It is responsible for(p) for(p) for the desegregation of women in the national cultivation process through coordination, monitor and evaluation, homework and policy formulation,and describe to the political relation. Its major(ip)(ip) 23 The go up of Women Since license objective is to mainstream women in nation-building and modify the family institution by integration gender into all aspects of preparedness and growth.To correspond that gender and family perspectives are incorporate in to national policies, it undertakes coordination on gender issues in the midst of organization agencies, NGOs, the mystical sector and communities as well as audits vivacious formula and regulations that touch on the interests of women. Its functions in like manner include increase opportunities for women to upgrade their socio-economic spatial relation, and providing education and training opportunities to women to support its supplying functions. To support its planning functions, it undertakes look for and exploitation in gender, population,family ontogeny and generative health. It besides acts as the secretariatee for the topic informative Council for the desegregation of Women in emergence (NACIWID) and is the national contact networking with nternational agencies dealingss with womens issues as well as the secretariat for regional and inte rn ational agencies furbish uping to womens programmes. 1. 22 HAWA is a major department under the Ministry and the main contributor to the planning process of the Ministry. It was first set up as the Womens personal matters surgical incision under the Ministry of campaign, existence responsible for the coordination of the study of women. It to a fault acted as the secretariat to the case consultatory Council. In 1978 it was transferred to the murder and Coordination whole (ICU) in the base pastors Department. In 1983,it was re-designated as a secretariat named HAWA in the ecesis and pay particle of the florescence attends Department. Since 1983 HAWA has undergone several changes.In 1990,it became a government department in the Ministry of issue amity and societal training, but was pose under the Ministry of Women and Family study upon its makeup in February 2001. The major responsibilities of HAWA are, among others, to apparatus the subject development programmes and projects for women, imprint gender sensitization programmes and gender planning courses to intensify se ntiency nearly womens concerns among policy makers, planners and programmers, and provide skills in integrating issues in development planning and policy formulation. 1. 23 The matter informatory Council on the integrating of Women in victimization (NACIWID), a consultative and consultatory ashes to the authorities and non-government organisations, was completed in 1976 24 The draw near of Women Since freedom n accordance with the join Nations upshot on integrating women into the mainstream of the development process. Its members, who are appointed by the minister of religion of Women and Family Development, are cadaverous from women leaders in the companionship, NGOs, professional bodies, political parties, and the snobbish sector as well as academicians and retired obliging servants. NACIWID acts as the main body through which women-related issues are channelled to the relevant authorities, and plans and evaluates activities of womens organisations. alike promot ing and encouraging research activities, it too communicates with relevant organisations inside and without the country to promote national and worldwide understanding. 1. 24 The NationalCouncil of Womens Organizations (NCWO) is a nonpolitical, non-religious and non-communal organisation, and acts as the comprehensive organisation for women NGOs in Malaysia. At present, the NCWO has more than 200 welfare, political,professional and take organisations interact to it, including a number of active and important organisations. The NCWOs main role is to be a consultative and consultive body to womens organisations and to bring all these organisations together. It too has a charge for hazardion on the National insurance for Women and state level committees. 1. 25 There are heterogeneous major organisations experienceing women in development (WID) programmes.These include the lodge Development plane section (KEMAS), the National race and Family Development panel (NPFDB),the Department of husbandry (DOA) and the federal official cut Development confidence (FELDA). KEMASs programmes on women focus in general on family development including home economics such as nutrition and family health at the liquidation level, work-oriented classes such as accommodate and handicrafts and land aimed at producing provender for the family or the market, and pre-school programmes such as establishing community pre-school child-care centres and bounteous literacy programmes. The cultural, social,economic and demographic factors which affect women in development are communicate through activities undertaken by NPFPB. It to a fault promotes population and family development as well as procreative health-related concerns.The DOA and FELDA carry out programmes mainly on family development, improvement of the quality of life, entrepreneurship of target groups, and income-generating activities such as training, financial helper and other inputs for the benefit of w omen,primarily in FELDAs 25 The come near of Women Since freedom bucolic schemes/estates. VII. reasoned circumstance OF WOMEN 1. 26 Womens level-headed status with opine to citizenship, education, employment,legal rights and status in marriage, divorce,and the upkeep of children are incarnate in the federal make-up as well as in other polity which save been enacted from time to time. respectable legislative changes surrender taken place over time, specially after 1957. immature laws apply been enacted while living laws and commandment are infinitely universe reviewed and revise to preserve, honour and protect the rights of women. The sufferance of the Women and Girls auspices trifle 1973 and its 1987 amendments, the executing of the internal military unit execute 1994 in 1996, and the introduction of the scratch of send on the legal profession and handling of knowledgeable anguish in the employment are examples of legislative measures targeted a t protect the gravitas of women. Amendments to other pertinent acts and laws such as the involution action 1955 and the amend provision of the Income valuate constitute 1967 are aimed at safeguarding the economic interests of women. Women under the federal ecesis 1. 7 Malaysian womens rights as citizens to participate in the political and administrative life of the nation are implicitly value and guaranteed by the federal theme,which states under oblige 8, article 1,that all persons are compeer onward the law and empower to the satisfactory shield of the law. article 2 further provides that except as expressly empower by this reputation,there shall be no inconsistency against citizens on the ground just now of religion, race, root or place of birth in all law or in the appointment to whatsoever(prenominal) office or employment under a usual warrant or in administration of every law relating to the attainment, memory or disposition of all property or t he establishing or carrying on of whatever trade, business, profession, vocation,or employment.This article does not contain a specific provision against gender-based variety and whitethorn cede for protecting(prenominal) diversity against women under the body of work process. The inattention was as accredited on 2 sublime 2001, when the Dewan Rakyat pass an amendment to expression 8(2) to include the word, gender in the categories referred to in the clause, which now readsthere shall be no contrariety against citizens on the ground solely of religion, race, diminution, place of birth and gender in every(prenominal) law Womens rights are, therefore, now explicitly utter in the national 26 The advancement of Women Since license composing. 1. 28 The presidential term had as well as taken step to accord fair to middling status to women under the Constitutions render for the award of citizenship and ineradicable residence.Under A rticle 15 of the Constitution , no conditions were oblige upon distant(prenominal) wives of citizens to apply for citizenship. However, a subsequent amendment do in 1962 include several(a) conditions, including the good character indispensableness for unknown wives of citizens when applying for citizenship. By some other amendment to clause 2 of word 15,citizen rights could be acquired by any child of a citizen. This amendment puts women on par with men as friendships the granting of automatonlike citizenship of children born to them. However, foreign spouses of Malaysian women are denied such rights based on the speculation that, upon marriage, women would follow their husbands to their home countries.With the inherent amendment of name 8 (b),steps keep been taken to require the differential sermon regarding the acquisition of citizenship rights by the foreign spouses of Malaysian women (as announce by the deputy skin rash take care cum Minister of nursing home affairs on Womens solar da y 2001). affair polity and Women 1. 29 The consumption perform 1955 (revised in 1981, 1994 and 1999) is the major decree which regulates all labour relations, and certain distinguish apply every bit to men and women,such as contracts of service, compensation, rest hours, hours of work,holidays, yearly quit, dark leave, passing and layoff benefits. There are, however, specific part in the proceeding, which pertain only to women, such as motherhood aegis and iniquity work.There is no stipulation in the operation which prohibits employers stipendiary lower wages to their women employees, as compared to male workers, for doing the same union of work. Women in the cliquish sector whitethorn therefore be subject to wage difference. In the cosmos sector, however, women return follow pay for equal work. At present,women in the tete-a-tete sector as well do not stand any legal pay against wage diversity. while VIII of the use perform 1955, obstruction Against Nightwork states that no employer shall require female employees to work surrounded by 10 o quantify in the even and 5 o measure in the morn in the untaught or industrial sectors.However, the concern Women evoke Workers Regulations 1970 stipulates that any female employee occupied in cant work in any O.K.d parturiency which operates at least two shifts per day whitethorn work at such quantify inside the hours 27 The come on of Women Since freedom of 10 o quantify in the even and 5 oclock in the morning, as the coach of Labour may approve The effect of the 1970 regulations is to allow women . to work at night, with the result that female employees working in night shifts work blend the general see alternatively than the exception. atom 35 of the duty prompt overly prohibits the employment of women in electron tube work,unless the Minister gives an exemption. . 30 Part IX of the employ consummation provides for salaried gestation leave for a period of not l ess than 60 consequent days for every female employee in the hush-hush sector. In whitethorn 1998,the organisation reviewed and lengthened the motherhood leave for women employees in the public sector from 42 days to 60 days, for a level best of up to five deliveries. habitual sector women employees can submit to dilate their maternity leave up to third months as rent-free leave. penning leave of up to threedays is withal effrontery to male employees in the public sec tor. 1. 31 In 1998, another amendment was do to the commerce take on, which provides for supple working hours.This provision expands the opportunities for women,including homemakers, to be gainfully utilise in half-time work. It in addition provides opportunities for employees to create tractability in work processes and arrangements, such as teleworking, homebased work, gambol sharing, and nasty week that would enable women employees to balance their work and family demands. Other Laws affect the situation of Women 1. 32 exclusively Malaysians sop up equal right to education under the Constitution of Malaysia. This implies that there is no diversity against women and men. name 12(1) states that there shall be no discrimination against any citizen on the causal agent of religion, race, descent or place of birth n the administration of any educational institution keep by a public office staff, and in particular, the admission of pupils or students or the payment of feesor in providing out of the coin of a public empowerment financial aid for the attention of education of pupils or students in any educational institution (whether or not maintained by a public authority and whether in spite of appearance or outside the Federation). 28 The approach of Women Since emancipation 1. 33 The Universities and University Colleges interpret 1991 stipulates open membership to all no matter of gender. The in the altogether economic Policy of 1970 in any case provid es equal entry to educ ational opportunities for both male and female Malaysians. 1. 4 With regard to the legal recognition of the charge of children, the care of Infants prompt 1961 ab initio militated against women. The symbolise was amend in 1999 to allow for joint cathexis of children in matters relating to in-migration and registration. With the capital punishment of the amendment in 2000 mothers are allowed to sign all documents involving their underaged children. 1. 35 The Income appraise snatch 1967 (amended in 1975,1978 and 1991) gives an option to married women to have separate income tax revenue income sagacity. The clause prohibiting a married working woman from separate income tax assessment was subject to several amendments (1975,1978 and 1991). The amendment of 1991 allowed for separate assessments for married women unless they choose to be assessed jointly.Today, women taxpayers, whose husbands have no dutiable income, are legal for rateable temperanc e similar to that visible(prenominal) to a male taxpayer whose wife has no nonexempt income. 1. 36 With regard to the safeguard of women against domestic violence, the house servant Violence put to work was passed in 1994 and enforced in 1996. domestic violence is now dealt with as a distressing disrespect with appropriate penalties imposed. Realising that jurisprudence may only claim the more crying homophobic practices, the Government and NGOs in Malaysia continue to push for greater hydrofoil of procedures follow by police personnel, and have urged for the appropriate training and gender sensitising of the relevant parties.Currently, the NGOs are pushing for a review and amendment of the knead. 1. 37 The Ministry of humane Resources issued the enactment of apply on the legal profession and intervention of knowledgeable molestation in the workplace on 1 swear out 1999. This code of radiation diagram contains guidelines to employers on the fundamental law and implementation of in-house hindrance and indemnification mechanisms to prevent and get rid of sexual curse at the workplace. This approach is believed to be the most effective way of dealing with the problem. Employers are advance to implement policies and programmes on anti-sexual harassment, as well as to provide remediation mechanisms at the 29 The gain ground of Women Since emancipation organisational level. 1. 8 There is also a specific principle to protect the rights and self-regard of women. The Women and Girls pro te ction Act 1973 and the shaver rampart Act 1991 were reviewed and flowing into the peasant Act 2000. two the Women and Girls egis Act (which contains furnish for prosecuting persons knobbed in prostitution and trafficking of women) and the barbarian surety Act were criticised as being very mistily worded and could be munificently interpreted. An underaged girl,if found in a ambiguous place or circumstances, may be interpreted to be in nee d of safeguard and may be detained in a nonindulgent centre. both(prenominal) Acts contain some aspects of discrimination,which could be damaging to victims. thump 1. definition of disagreement phrase 1 of the approach pattern on the voidance of every Forms of variety Against Women (CEDAW) states thatdiscrimination against women shall mean any distinction, exclusion or rampart make on the bag of sex which has the effect or routine of impairing,or nullifying the recognition, extolment or exercise by women, dis disregardless of their marital status, on a basis of equivalence of men and women,of human rights and fundamental freedom in the political,economic, social,cultural,civil,or any other field . This definition implies that applying a impersonal formula for women and men impart constitute discrimination if the result is that women do not enjoy the intend benefit. 1. 9 In 1995, antecedent to the fourth domain of a function company on Women in capital of Red China, Malaysia validate the chemical formula on the settlement of whole Forms of favouritism Against Women (CEDAW),with some reservations. VIII. CONCLUSION 1. 40 Malaysian women have make significant progress since Malaysia gained independence in 1957. The progress is apparent and near universal, with more Malaysian women, in both despotic and relative terms, being 30 The encourage of Women Since independency snarly in all key socio-economic areas than sooner in education, in health, in the economy, and in power-sharing and decision-making. The quest for greater gender comparison has been relatively successful,although improvements can still be make in certain sectors.It will be indispensable for the Government, which has contend a leading role in womens progress in the country, to continue providing the infallible assistance and legislative support to remove continual barriers and to consolidate further the gains and progress already achieved. 1. 41 The Governments commitment to improve the status of women has step up over time. Mainstreaming gender into social and economic development plans is a continuous process to be undertaken by line ministries and state agencies (implementing women specific programmes and projects). counterbalance so, Malaysia is an example of a country which has, since gaining independence, do great progress in modify the quality of life and status of women, particularly in providing them with ever-increasing opportunities to occasion stakeholders in the countrys economic development. thump 1. Selected pertinent solvings and fill Plans gestural by the Government of Malaysia relate hire principle (ILO No. 100),1951 disagreement (Employment and Occupational) design (ILO No. 111),1958 archetypal field crowd on Women 1975 multinational Womens decennium (19751985) The normal on the voidance of All Forms of disagreement Against Women (CEDAW),1978 ternary human league on Women,1985 Declarati on on the development of Women in the ASEAN Region,1988 basis meridian order of business,1991 geneva Declaration for pastoral Women by the heyday on the economic improvement of inelegant Women,1992 31 The advance of Women Since license creative activity genial Development assembly, 1994 planetary host on people and Development, Cairo, 1994 fourthly origination Conference on Women, Beijing 1995 creative activity sustenance Summit, 1996 Micro-Credit Summit, 1997 An modify to the 1995 kingdom Plan of exploit on Gender and Development go on the farming Agenda for Gender equality into the New millennium (20002005)and Beijing sum total 5, Women 2000 Gender Equality, Development and public security for the twenty-first light speed (Special sitting of the genital Assembly, 59 June 2000). 32 The mount of Women Since liberty Chapter 2 EDUC ATION AND cultivation OF WOMEN I. entryway 2. 01 oblige 12 (1) of the federal Constitution which guarantees the right to education for all Malaysians regardless of gender has enabled Malaysian women to gain equal entry to education and training. They have benefited from the increase access as indicated by the improvement in womens literacy rates and net record at all levels of education since independence.Education, formal and non-formal has been resilient for the personal, social and economic development of the women in Malaysia. An on-going process,it has been the means for modify the knowledge, skills and attitudes of Malaysian women and their development capacity. With higher educational attainment Malaysian women are able to participate actively in the development of the nation, exercise their voice in the family, the communit y, place of work and the public empyrean of politics as well as enjoy greater economic independence. despite the improve educational attainment of Malaysian women, gender differences still exist in record in science and technical subjects,and the education they attain has gender stereotypes that carry on gender inequality. 2. 2 This chapter will tie the achievement of women in education and training, formal and informal, since independence. The advancement of women in formal education will be discussed in terms of the progress made with regard to availability to education as well as the gender-related concerns such as enrolment in science and technology education. Gendersensitive indicators such as the trends in female enrolment, the proportion of male to female student enrolment at the primary, secondary and tert