Entering Grooming Business in Hong Kong Pest Analysis

Personal management and human resource management (HRM) basically brings very similar meaning. The personnel who work for a company represent that company’s human resource. Human resource management (HRM) department didn’t actually exist until 1940s, the activities performed by these departments were not all brand new but in fact, quite a number of the human resource practices and programs that we see today top derivation in the earlier times. Human resource management (HRM) is historically known as personal management which deals with official system for the management of the people within the organization. Many renowned companies want to achieve the transformation of their workforce into a foundation of completive advantage. HR manager inevitably has concerns for their workers. These concerns consists of how to manage layoffs, address deduction of employee loyalty, generate a well trained highly motivated work force that can deliver HR mangers have many concerns regarding their workers. These concerns include how to mange layoffs, address reduced employee loyalty, generate a well trained highly motivated work force that can deliver higher quality and productivity. Mange and increase diverse workforce and contain health care cost. HRM has been undergoing transformation. In 1970s, the job of the HR manger was to keep their companies out of court and in compliance with the increasing number of regulations governing the work place. In the 1980s HR mangers had to address staffing costs related to mergers and acquisitions and downsizing. The economic issues related to an increasingly global and completive workplace characterize the 1990s. Beside these concerns Firms are also facing some other challenges regarding workforce before we take up the HR challenges that face managers, we need to define manager and say a word about where human resources fit into the organization. Managers are people who are in charge of others and are responsible for the timely and correct execution of actions that promote their units' successful performance. B. History of Personnel Management A group of people becomes an organization when they cooperate with each other to achieve common goals. Communication among them is therefore important. But people have individual motivations, which often differ, from the corporate goals. An effective organization is one which succeeds in getting people to accept that cooperating to achieve organizational goals also helps them to achieve their own goals provided they are adequately rewarded through extrinsic and intrinsic rewards. This is achieved primarily through leadership and motivation. Employers therefore increasingly view human resource management from a strategic perspective, and as an appropriate means through which the chasm between organizational and individual goals can be narrowed. As it has been aptly observed: â€Å"Part of the problem is that we have split off human resource management from the general management problem, as if there were some other kind of management other than human resource management. As long as organizations are based upon the coordinated action of two or more people, management is by definition human resource management. Despite the proliferation of writings and studies on HRM, there is a wide gap between the rhetoric and the reality, though the gap has been narrowing in the 1990s. There is as yet inadequate research to ascertain the extent to which practice matches corporate policy statements, and the impact of HRM policies and practices Page # 29 on employee behavior and morale. To have a major impact on enterprises, HRM has to be diffused across an economy, rather than remain islands of excellence. Nevertheless, promoting excellent models of HRM stimulates interest in better people management. HRM has three basic goals, which contribute to achieving management objectives. The first is integration of HRM in two senses: integrating HRM into an organization's corporate strategy, and ensuring an HRM view in the decisions and actions of line managers. Integration in the first sense involves selecting the HRM options consistent with (and which promote) the particular corporate strategy. The option is determined by the type of employee behavior expected (e. g. innovation) needed to further the corporate strategy. For instance, the HRM policies in relation to recruitment, appraisal, compensation, training, etc. iffer according to whether the business strategy is one of innovation, quality enhancement or cost reduction. A strategy of innovation may require a pay system less influenced by market rates but which rewards creativity, and the pay rates would even be low so long as there are ways of making up the earnings package. A cost reduction strategy may lead to pay rates being strongly influenced by market levels. Similarly, training and development would rec eive less emphasis in a cost reduction strategy than in one where the objective is innovation or quality. But such integration is difficult without securing the inclusion of a HRM view in the decisions and practices of line managers. This requires that HRM should not be a centralized function. A second goal of HRM is securing commitment through building strong cultures. This involves promoting organizational goals by uniting employees through a shared set of values (quality, service, innovation, etc. ) based on a convergence of employee and enterprise interests, which the larger Japanese enterprises have been particularly adept at. A third goal of HRM is to achieve flexibility and adaptability to manage change and innovation in response to rapid changes consequent upon globalization. Relevant to HRM policies in this regard are training and multi-skilling, re-organization of work and removal of narrow job classifications. Appropriate HRM policies are designed, for instance, to recruit, develop and retain quality staff, to formulate and implement agreed performance goals and measures, and to build a unified organizational culture. C. Shifting from Personnel Management to HRM The transformation is reflected by raising important role of HRM from the personal management purpose from one of focussing on employee welfare to one of managing people in a way, which matches organizational goal and individual goals and providing employees with intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. Therefore Therefore, today Human Resource Management (HRM), historically known as personal management, deals with formal system for the management of the people within the organization. Many well-known companies report that they are trying to transform their workforce into a source of completive advantage. Stages of shifting of Personnel Management to HRM: First, HRM earlier reacted piece-meal to problems as they arose. Effective HRM seeks to link HRM issues to the overall strategy of the organization, with the most effective HRM policies and practices integrated into such corporate policies and strategies to reinforce or change an organization's culture. Integration is needed in two senses – integrating HRM issues in an organization's strategic plans and securing the acceptance and inclusion of a HRM view in the decisions of line managers. The HRM policies in respect of the various functions (e. g. recruitment, training, etc. ) should be internally consistent. They must also be consistent with the business strategies and should reflect the organization's core values. The problem of integrating HRM view business strategy arises, for example, in a diversified enterprise with different products and markets. In such cases it is difficult to match HRM policies with strategies that could vary among different business activities, each of which may call for different HRM policies. Second, building strong cultures is a way of promoting particular organizational goals, in that â€Å"a ‘strong culture' is aimed at uniting employees through a shared set of managerially sanctioned values (‘quality', ‘service', ‘innovation' etc. ) that assume an identification of employee and employer interests. However, there can be tension between a strong organizational culture and the need to adapt to changed Page # 30 ircumstances and to be flexible, particularly in the highly competitive and rapidly changing environment in which employers have to operate today. Rapid change demanded by the market is sometimes difficult in an organization with a strong culture. IBM has been cited as a case in point. Its firmly-held beliefs about products and services made it difficult for it to effect changes in time, i. e. when the market required a radical change in product and service (from mainframe, customized systems, salesmen as management consultants to customer-as-end-user, seeking quality of product and service) o personal computers (standardized product, cost competition, dealer as customer). Nevertheless, in the long term a strong organizational culture is preferable to a weak one. Third, the attitude that people are a variable cost is, in effective HRM, replaced by the view that people are a resource and that as social capital can be developed and can contribute to competitive advantage. Increasingly, it is accepted that competitive advantage is gained through well-educated and trained, motivated and committed employees at all levels. This recognition is now almost universal, and accounts for the plausible argument that training and development are, or will be, the central pillar of HRM. Fourth, the view that the interests of employees and management or shareholders are divergent and confliction – though substantially true in the past – is giving way to the view that this need not necessarily be so. As organization, which practices, effective HRM seeks to identify and promote a commonality of interests. Significant examples are training which enhances employment security and higher earning capacity for employees while at the same time increasing the employee's value to the enterprise's goals of better productivity and performance; pay systems which increase earnings without significant labor cost increases, and which at the same time promote higher performance levels; goal-setting through two-way communication which establishes unified goals and objectives and which provides intrinsic rewards to the employee through a participatory process. Fifth, top-down communication coupled with controlled information flow to keep power within the control of management giving way to a sharing of information and knowledge. This change facilitates the creation of trust and commitment and makes knowledge more productive. Control from the top is in effective HRM being replaced by increasing employee participation and policies, which foster commitment and flexibility that help organizations to change when necessary. The ways in which the larger Japanese enterprises have installed participatory schemes and introduced information-sharing and two-way communication systems are instructive in this regard. In enterprises that tend to have corporate philosophies or missions, and where there are underlying values that shape their corporate culture, HRM becomes a part of the strategy to achieve their objectives. In some types of enterprises such as ones in which continuous technological change takes place, the goal of successfully managing change at short intervals often requires employee cooperation through emphasis on communication and involvement. As this type of unit grows, â€Å"If there is strategic thinking in human resource management these units are likely to wish to develop employee-relations policies based on high individualism paying above market rates to recruit and retain the best labor, careful selection and recruitment systems to ensure high quality and skill potential, emphasis on internal training schemes to develop potential for further growth, payment system designed to reward individual performance and cooperation, performance and appraisal reviews, and strong emphasis on team work and communication †¦ In short, technical and capital investment is matched by human resource investments, at times reaching near the ideals of human resource management. Shift of personnel management to HRM took place in three stages: Records and 1. Records and Administration 2. Accountability Regulations 3. Competitive Advantage 1. Records and Administration In first stage the primary activities, which were carried out by personnel department, were, Planning Company picnics Scheduling vacations, Enrolling workers for health-are coverage, Planning retirement parties These concerns include how to mange layoffs, address reduced employee loyalty, create a well trained highly motivated work force that can deliver higher quality and productivity, mange and increase diverse workforce and contain health care cost. 2. Accountability Regulations During this stage primary framework of rules and regulations started emerging tin the organization. In 1970s, the job of the HR manger was to keep their companies out of court and in compliance with the increasing number of regulations governing the work place. In the 1980s HR mangers had to address staffing costs related to mergers and acquisitions and downsizing. The economic issues related to an increasingly global and completive workplace characterize the 1990s. Beside these concerns 3. Competitive Advantage The aim of this shift stage is from merely securing compliance to the more ambitious one of winning commitment. The employee resource, therefore, becomes worth investing in, and training and development thus assume a higher profile. These initiatives are associated with, and maybe are even predicated upon, a tendency to shift from a collective orientation to the management of the workforce to an individualistic one. Accordingly management looks for ‘flexibility' and seeks to reward differential performance in a differential way. Communication of managerial objectives and aspirations takes on a whole new importance. What separates or distinguishes HRM from the traditional personnel function is the integration of HRM into strategic management and the pre-occupation of HRM with utilizing the human resource to achieve strategic management objectives. HRM â€Å"seeks to eliminate the mediation role and adopts a generally unitary perspective. It emphasizes strategy and planning rather than problem solving and mediation, so that employee cooperation is delivered by programme of corporate culture, remuneration packaging, and team building and management development for core employees, while peripheral employees are kept at arm's length. HRM strategies may be influenced by the decisions taken on strategy (the nature of the business currently and in the future) and by the structure of the enterprise (the manner in which the enterprise is structured or organized to meet is objectives). In an enterprise with effective HRM polices and practices, the decisions on HRM are also strategic decisions influenced by strategy and structure, and by external factors such as trade unions, the labor market situation and the legal system. In reality most firms do not have such a well thought out sequential HRM model. But we are considering here is also effective HRM, and thus a model where HRM decisions are as strategic as the decisions on the type of business and structure. At conceptual level the interpretations of HRM indicate different emphases, which lead to concentration on different contents of the discipline. The various distinctions or interpretations indicate that HRM â€Å"Can be used in a restricted sense so reserving it as a label only for that approach to labor management which treats labor as a valued asset rather than a variable cost and which accordingly counsels investment in the labor resource through training and development and through measures designed to at tract and retain a committed workforce. Alternatively it is sometimes used in an extended way so as to refer to a whole array of recent managerial initiatives including measures to increase the flexible utilization of the labor resource and other measures, which are largely directed at the individual employee. But another distinction can also be drawn. This directs attention to the ‘hard' and ‘soft' versions of HRM. The ‘hard' one emphasizes the quantitative, calculative and business-strategic aspects of managing the headcounts resource in as ‘rational' a way as for any other economic factor. By contrast, the ‘soft' version traces its roots to the human-relations school; it emphasizes communication, motivation, and leadership. There are several ways in which HRM has changed earlier attitudes and assumptions of personnel management about managing people. The new model of HRM includes many elements vital to the basic management goal of achieving and maintaining

Forecasting †Simple Linear Regression Applications

STATISTICS FOR MGT DECISIONS FINAL EXAMINATION Forecasting – Simple Linear Regression Applications Interpretation and Use of Computer Output (Results) NAME SECTION A – REGRESSION ANALYSIS AND FORECASTING 1) The management of an international hotel chain is in the process of evaluating the possible sites for a new unit on a beach resort. As part of the analysis, the management is interested in evaluating the relationship between the distance of a hotel from the beach and the hotel’s average occupancy rate for the season. A sample of 14 existing hotels in the area is chosen, and each hotel reports its average occupancy rate.The management records the hotel’s distance (in miles) from the beach. The following set of data is obtained: Distance (miles)0. 10. 10. 20. 30. 40. 40. 50. 60. 7 Occupancy (%)929596908996908385 Continue Distance (miles)0. 70. 80. 80. 90. 9 Occupancy (%)8078767275 Use the computer output to respond to the following questions: a) A simple linear regression was ran with the occupancy rate as the dependent (explained) variable and distance from the beach as the independent (explaining) variable Occpnc=b[pic]+b[pic](Distncy) What is the estimated regression equation?The regression model is: Occpnc = b[pic] + b[pic](Distncy) The estimated regression equation is: OCCUPNC = 99. 61444 – 26. 703 DISTNCY b) Interpret the meaning behind the values you get for both coefficients b[pic] and b[pic]. b[pic]=99. 61444, represent the y-intercept as well as the starting figure for the distance coverage. This is the amount of distance in miles that the hotel is from a beach. b[pic] = 26. 703, represents the percentage of occupancy a hotel has depending on the distance of the hotel from a beach. c) What sort of relationship exists between average hotel occupancy rate and the hotel’s distance from the beach?Does this relationship make sense to you? Why or why not? Both distance and occupancy have a direct relationship. This is true because closer the hotel is to the beach, the higher the chance that the hotel’s occupancy will be greater. If a person is going to stay at a hotel, chances are they are on vacation. People on vacation love to spend time on a beach for relaxation purposes, so it would only make sense that a hotel that is closer to the beach will have a higher occupancy rate. d) Interpret the R-Square value in your computer output R-Squared = 0. 848195 = 84. 8195 ) Predict the expected occupancy rate for a hotel that is (i) one mile from the beach in that area, (ii) one and half miles from the beach. i. OCCUPNC = 99. 61444 – 26. 703 (1) = 99. 61444 – 26. 703 = 72. 911 ii. OCCUPNC = 99. 61444 – 26. 703 (1. 5) = 99. 61444 – 40. 055 = 59. 559 f) In your mind, what other variables contribute positively or negatively to hotel occupancy besides distance from the beach? Other variables that contribute positively or negatively to hotel occupancy besides distance fr om the beach include the distance of restaurants, shopping centers, and airport from the hotel.The closer theses variables are to the hotel the chances the occupancy rate will be higher. In addition, other variables may include what type of amenities that are offered by the hotel, customer service, and rating of the hotel. g) At a level of significance, ? = 0. 01 or 1 percent test the following pair of hypotheses: H[pic]: b[pic]= 0 H[pic]: b[pic]? 0 On the model: Occpnc=b[pic]+b[pic](Distncy) What is your conclusion and why that particular conclusion? COMPUTER OUTPUT – PART 1 INTERNATIONAL HOTEL REGRESSION FUNCTION & ANOVA FOR OCCPNCY OCCPNCY = 99. 61444 – 26. 703 DISTANCER-Squared = 0. 848195 Adjusted R-Squared = 0. 835545 Standard error of estimate = 3. 339362 Number of cases used = 14 Analysis of Variance p-value Source SS df MS F Value Sig Prob Regression 747. 68 1 747. 68390 67. 04880 0. 000002 Residual 133. 82 12 11. 15134 Total 881. 50 13 COMPUTER OUTPUT  œ PART 1 INTERNATIONAL HOTEL REGRESSION COEFFICIENTS FOR OCCPNCY Two-Sided p-value Variable Coefficient Std Error t Value Sig Prob Constant 99. 61444 1. 4107 51. 31933 0. 000000 DISTANCE -26. 70300 3. 26110 -8. 18833 0. 000002 * Standard error of estimate = 3. 339362 Durbin-Watson statistic = 1. 324282 MULTIPLE REGRESSION 2) You want to find out factors that explain an individual’s weekly savings. You are given a set of data below: Sampled WeeklyHouseFoodEntertain/Weekly IndividualIncomeRentExpenseExpenseSavings Case 1$25085952520 Case 2$1907590100 Case 3$4201401204050 Case 4$340120130040 Case 5$2801101003015 Case 6$310801252525 Case 7$5201501405580 Case 8$440175155450 Case 9$36090852095 Case 10$3851051353530Case 11$2058010505 Case 12$26565951515 Case 13$19550801020 Case 14$25090100250 Case 15$4801401604545 A multiple regression was ran with WEEKLY SAVINGS as the DEPENDENT VARIABLE and the rest as the INDEPENDENT VARIABLES. SAVINGS = b[pic][pic]+ b[pic]INCOME + b[pic]RENT + b [pic]FOOD + b[pic]ENTERT a) What is the estimated multiple regression equation? SAVINGS = 23. 14156 + 0. 591446 INCOME – 0. 341793 RENT – 1. 119734 FOOD – 0. 907868 ENTERT b) What relationship exists between (i) SAVINGS and INCOME? , SAVINGS and RENT? , SAVINGS and FOOD expense, SAVINGS and ENTERTAINMENT expense?There are no direct relationship between saving and income, savings and rent, savings and food expense, and savings and entertainment expense. c) Which of the independent (explaining) variables are (is) significant in the multiple regression and which ones are (is) not significant (use ? = 0. 05 level of significance). Are the results in line with Maslow hierarchy of needs? Explain. COMPUTER OUTPUT PART I WEEKLY SAVINGS REGRESSION FUNCTION & ANOVA FOR SAVINGS SAVINGS = 23. 14156 + 0. 591446 INCOME – 0. 341793 RENT – 1. 119734 FOOD – 0. 907868 ENTERT R-Squared = 0. 917562 Adjusted R-Squared = 0. 70454 Standard error of estimate = 10. 9635 Number of cases used = 12 Analysis of Variance p-value Source SS df MS F Value Sig Prob Regression 9364. 86 4 2341. 21 19. 47795 0. 000677 Residual 841. 39 7 120. 198 Total 10206. 250 11 COMPUTER OUTPUT PART II WEEKLY SAVINGS REGRESSION COEFFICIENTS FOR SAVINGS Two-Sidedp-value Variable Coefficient Std Error t Value Sig Prob Constant 23. 14156 18. 34071 1. 26176 0. 247451 INCOME 0. 59145 0. 07388 8. 00526 0. 000091 RENT -0. 4179 0. 19849 -1. 72199 0. 128743 * FOOD -1. 11973 0. 24633 -4. 54565 0. 002650 ENTERT -0. 90787 0. 32460 -2. 79689 0. 026643 * indicates that the variable is marked for leaving Standard error of estimate = 10. 9635 Durbin-Watson statistic = 1. 683103 3) REGRESSION ANALYSIS A business person is trying to estimate the relationship between the price of good X and the sales of good Y of certain groups of staples. Tests in similar cities throughout the country have yielded the data below: PRICE (X)SALES (Y) $2010,300 $259,100 $308,200 $356,500 $405,100 $502,300A simple linear regression of a model SALES(Y) = b[pic] + b[pic]PRICE(X) Was run and the computer output is shown below: PRICE OF X / SALES OF Y REGRESSION FUNCTION & ANOVA FOR SALES(Y) SALES(Y) = 15907. 14 – 269. 7143 PRICE(X) R-Squared = 0. 994999 Adjusted R-Squared = 0. 993749 Standard error of estimate = 230. 9143 Number of cases used = 6 Analysis of Variance p-value Source SS df MS F Value Sig Prob Regression 4. 24350E+07 1 4. 24350E+07 795. 83480 0. 000009 Residual 213285. 70000 4 53321. 43000 Total 4. 26483E+07 5PRICE OF X / SALES OF Y REGRESSION COEFFICIENTS FOR SALES(Y) Two-Sidedp-value Variable Coefficient Std Error t Value Sig Prob Constant 15907. 14000 332. 34250 47. 86370 0. 000001 PRICE(X) -269. 71430 9. 56076 -28. 21054 0. 000009 * Standard error of estimate = 230. 9143 Durbin-Watson statistic = 1. 687953 QUESTIONS a) What is the estimated equation of the model: SALES(Y) = b[pic] + b[pic]PRICE(X)? SALES(Y) = 15907. 14 – 269. 7143 PRICE(X) b) What sort of relationship exists between SALES OF Y and the PRICE OF X? Does this relationship make sense? Why or why not?There is a direct relationship between Sales of Y and the Price of X. The lower the price the higher are the sales. This makes sense because if the price is lower, a person will purchase more items. c) What can you say about GOOD Y and GOOD X (a good can be an item, a commodity, etc. ). Name a pair of good X and good y that can display this kind of relationship. Suppose the price of candy is $0. 50/lb, the sales of the candy versus the same type of candy that is $0. 80/lb would yield more sales because of the price. The price of the candy directly affects sales in this instance because a person would buy more candy at $0. 0/lb versus $0. 80/lb. 4) REGRESSION ANALYSIS A business person is trying to estimate the relationship between the price of good X and the sales of good Z of certain groups of staples. Tests in similar cities throughout the country have yielded the data belo w: PRICE (X)SALES (Z) $153300 $203900 $254750 $305500 $406550 $507250 A simple linear regression of a model SALES (Z) = b[pic] + b[pic]PRICE(X) Was run and the computer output is shown below: PRICE OF X / SALES OF Z REGRESSION FUNCTION & ANOVA FOR SALES(Y) SALES(Z) = 1740. 686 + 115. 5882 PRICE(X) R-Squared = 0. 977573 Adjusted R-Squared = 0. 71966 Standard error of estimate = 255. 2152 Number of cases used = 6 Analysis of Variance p-value Source SS df MS F Value Sig Prob Regression 1. 13565E+07 1 1. 13565E+07 174. 35450 0. 000190 Residual 260539. 20000 4 65134. 80000 Total 1. 16171E+07 5 PRICE OF X / SALES OF Z REGRESSION COEFFICIENTS FOR SALES(Z) p-value Variable Coefficient Std Error t Value Sig Prob Constant 1740. 68600 282. 52800 6. 16111 0. 003522 PRICE(X) 115. 58820 8. 75381 13. 20434 0. 000190 *Standard error of estimate = 255. 2152 Durbin-Watson statistic = 1. 240299 QUESTIONS a) What is the estimated equation of the model: SALES(Z) = b[pic] + b[pic]PRICE(X)? SALES (Z) = 17 40. 686 + 115. 5882 PRICE(X) b) What sort of relationship exists between SALES OF Z and the PRICE OF X? Does this relationship make sense? Why or why not? There is a direct relationship between Sales of Y and the Price of X. The higher the price the higher are the sales. This makes sense as it relates to supply and demand. The higher the demand and for the product and unavailability of the product, the price will go up even though sales may he same due to the price increase the sales amount will be higher. c) What can you say about GOOD Z and GOOD X (a good can be an item, a commodity, etc. ). Give an example of good X and good Z that can display this kind of relationship A prime example that displays this kind of relationship is gas. The price of gas has been going up for sometime now. The demand for it is high, but the supply of is low. Therefore, even though the amount of sales may stay constant, the dollar amount will be higher because the price is higher. Chi-Squared Test #1M&M , makers of Chocolate Candies, conducted a national poll in which more than ten million people indicated their preference for a new color. The tally of this poll resulted in the replacement of tan-colored M&Ms with a new blue color. In the brochure â€Å"Colors,† made available by M&MS Consumer Affairs, the distribution of colors for the plain candies is as follows: BROWNYELLOWREDORANGEGREENBLUE 30%20%20%10%10%10% In a follow-up study two years later, samples of 1-pound bags were used to determine whether the reported percentages were still valid. The following results were obtained (observed) for one sample of 506 plain candiesBROWNYELLOWREDORANGEGREENBLUE 17713579413638 Use a level of significance ( = 0. 05 to determine whether these data support the percentages reported by the company Hint: To obtain the Expected Number of multiply the sample value (506) by each color’s probability, i. e. , E = BROWNYELLOWREDORANGEGREENBLUE 30% (506)20%(506)20%(506)10%(506)10%(506)1 0%(506) Then compute the Chi-Squared. H[pic]: f[pic], f[pic], f[pic], f[pic], f[pic], f[pic] hold previous year’s patterns or percentages H[pic]: At least one frequency differs from the previous year’s pattern or percentages E = 506/6 = 84. 33 [pic]=(177 –84. 33)[pic]/84. 33+(135 – 84. 33)[pic]/84. 33 + (79 – 84. 33)[pic]/84. 33+(41 – 84. 33)[pic]/84. 33)+(36 – 84. 33)[pic]/84. 33+(38 – 84. 33)[pic]/84. 33) ([pic]=101. 937 + 30. 49217 + 0. 333215 + 22. 24069 + 27. 67367 + 25. 4293 ([pic]=208. 106. This is the computed ([pic]-value. ( = 0. 05 d. f. = 6 – 1 = 5. Go to ([pic]-tables at ( = 0. 05, and d. f. = 5, you will get CRITICAL ([pic]-value = 11. 070. Since Computed ([pic]-value is greater than Critical ([pic]-value REJECT NULL H[pic]:P[pic] = P[pic] = P[pic] = P[pic] = P[pic] ALTERNATIVE H[pic]: At least one P is different is correct Forecasting – Simple Linear Regression Applications STATISTICS FOR MGT DECISIONS FINAL EXAMINATION Forecasting – Simple Linear Regression Applications Interpretation and Use of Computer Output (Results) NAME SECTION A – REGRESSION ANALYSIS AND FORECASTING 1) The management of an international hotel chain is in the process of evaluating the possible sites for a new unit on a beach resort. As part of the analysis, the management is interested in evaluating the relationship between the distance of a hotel from the beach and the hotel’s average occupancy rate for the season. A sample of 14 existing hotels in the area is chosen, and each hotel reports its average occupancy rate.The management records the hotel’s distance (in miles) from the beach. The following set of data is obtained: Distance (miles)0. 10. 10. 20. 30. 40. 40. 50. 60. 7 Occupancy (%)929596908996908385 Continue Distance (miles)0. 70. 80. 80. 90. 9 Occupancy (%)8078767275 Use the computer output to respond to the following questions: a) A simple linear regression was ran with the occupancy rate as the dependent (explained) variable and distance from the beach as the independent (explaining) variable Occpnc=b[pic]+b[pic](Distncy) What is the estimated regression equation?The regression model is: Occpnc = b[pic] + b[pic](Distncy) The estimated regression equation is: OCCUPNC = 99. 61444 – 26. 703 DISTNCY b) Interpret the meaning behind the values you get for both coefficients b[pic] and b[pic]. b[pic]=99. 61444, represent the y-intercept as well as the starting figure for the distance coverage. This is the amount of distance in miles that the hotel is from a beach. b[pic] = 26. 703, represents the percentage of occupancy a hotel has depending on the distance of the hotel from a beach. c) What sort of relationship exists between average hotel occupancy rate and the hotel’s distance from the beach?Does this relationship make sense to you? Why or why not? Both distance and occupancy have a direct relationship. This is true because closer the hotel is to the beach, the higher the chance that the hotel’s occupancy will be greater. If a person is going to stay at a hotel, chances are they are on vacation. People on vacation love to spend time on a beach for relaxation purposes, so it would only make sense that a hotel that is closer to the beach will have a higher occupancy rate. d) Interpret the R-Square value in your computer output R-Squared = 0. 848195 = 84. 8195 ) Predict the expected occupancy rate for a hotel that is (i) one mile from the beach in that area, (ii) one and half miles from the beach. i. OCCUPNC = 99. 61444 – 26. 703 (1) = 99. 61444 – 26. 703 = 72. 911 ii. OCCUPNC = 99. 61444 – 26. 703 (1. 5) = 99. 61444 – 40. 055 = 59. 559 f) In your mind, what other variables contribute positively or negatively to hotel occupancy besides distance from the beach? Other variables that contribute positively or negatively to hotel occupancy besides distance fr om the beach include the distance of restaurants, shopping centers, and airport from the hotel.The closer theses variables are to the hotel the chances the occupancy rate will be higher. In addition, other variables may include what type of amenities that are offered by the hotel, customer service, and rating of the hotel. g) At a level of significance, ? = 0. 01 or 1 percent test the following pair of hypotheses: H[pic]: b[pic]= 0 H[pic]: b[pic]? 0 On the model: Occpnc=b[pic]+b[pic](Distncy) What is your conclusion and why that particular conclusion? COMPUTER OUTPUT – PART 1 INTERNATIONAL HOTEL REGRESSION FUNCTION & ANOVA FOR OCCPNCY OCCPNCY = 99. 61444 – 26. 703 DISTANCER-Squared = 0. 848195 Adjusted R-Squared = 0. 835545 Standard error of estimate = 3. 339362 Number of cases used = 14 Analysis of Variance p-value Source SS df MS F Value Sig Prob Regression 747. 68 1 747. 68390 67. 04880 0. 000002 Residual 133. 82 12 11. 15134 Total 881. 50 13 COMPUTER OUTPUT  œ PART 1 INTERNATIONAL HOTEL REGRESSION COEFFICIENTS FOR OCCPNCY Two-Sided p-value Variable Coefficient Std Error t Value Sig Prob Constant 99. 61444 1. 4107 51. 31933 0. 000000 DISTANCE -26. 70300 3. 26110 -8. 18833 0. 000002 * Standard error of estimate = 3. 339362 Durbin-Watson statistic = 1. 324282 MULTIPLE REGRESSION 2) You want to find out factors that explain an individual’s weekly savings. You are given a set of data below: Sampled WeeklyHouseFoodEntertain/Weekly IndividualIncomeRentExpenseExpenseSavings Case 1$25085952520 Case 2$1907590100 Case 3$4201401204050 Case 4$340120130040 Case 5$2801101003015 Case 6$310801252525 Case 7$5201501405580 Case 8$440175155450 Case 9$36090852095 Case 10$3851051353530Case 11$2058010505 Case 12$26565951515 Case 13$19550801020 Case 14$25090100250 Case 15$4801401604545 A multiple regression was ran with WEEKLY SAVINGS as the DEPENDENT VARIABLE and the rest as the INDEPENDENT VARIABLES. SAVINGS = b[pic][pic]+ b[pic]INCOME + b[pic]RENT + b [pic]FOOD + b[pic]ENTERT a) What is the estimated multiple regression equation? SAVINGS = 23. 14156 + 0. 591446 INCOME – 0. 341793 RENT – 1. 119734 FOOD – 0. 907868 ENTERT b) What relationship exists between (i) SAVINGS and INCOME? , SAVINGS and RENT? , SAVINGS and FOOD expense, SAVINGS and ENTERTAINMENT expense?There are no direct relationship between saving and income, savings and rent, savings and food expense, and savings and entertainment expense. c) Which of the independent (explaining) variables are (is) significant in the multiple regression and which ones are (is) not significant (use ? = 0. 05 level of significance). Are the results in line with Maslow hierarchy of needs? Explain. COMPUTER OUTPUT PART I WEEKLY SAVINGS REGRESSION FUNCTION & ANOVA FOR SAVINGS SAVINGS = 23. 14156 + 0. 591446 INCOME – 0. 341793 RENT – 1. 119734 FOOD – 0. 907868 ENTERT R-Squared = 0. 917562 Adjusted R-Squared = 0. 70454 Standard error of estimate = 10. 9635 Number of cases used = 12 Analysis of Variance p-value Source SS df MS F Value Sig Prob Regression 9364. 86 4 2341. 21 19. 47795 0. 000677 Residual 841. 39 7 120. 198 Total 10206. 250 11 COMPUTER OUTPUT PART II WEEKLY SAVINGS REGRESSION COEFFICIENTS FOR SAVINGS Two-Sidedp-value Variable Coefficient Std Error t Value Sig Prob Constant 23. 14156 18. 34071 1. 26176 0. 247451 INCOME 0. 59145 0. 07388 8. 00526 0. 000091 RENT -0. 4179 0. 19849 -1. 72199 0. 128743 * FOOD -1. 11973 0. 24633 -4. 54565 0. 002650 ENTERT -0. 90787 0. 32460 -2. 79689 0. 026643 * indicates that the variable is marked for leaving Standard error of estimate = 10. 9635 Durbin-Watson statistic = 1. 683103 3) REGRESSION ANALYSIS A business person is trying to estimate the relationship between the price of good X and the sales of good Y of certain groups of staples. Tests in similar cities throughout the country have yielded the data below: PRICE (X)SALES (Y) $2010,300 $259,100 $308,200 $356,500 $405,100 $502,300A simple linear regression of a model SALES(Y) = b[pic] + b[pic]PRICE(X) Was run and the computer output is shown below: PRICE OF X / SALES OF Y REGRESSION FUNCTION & ANOVA FOR SALES(Y) SALES(Y) = 15907. 14 – 269. 7143 PRICE(X) R-Squared = 0. 994999 Adjusted R-Squared = 0. 993749 Standard error of estimate = 230. 9143 Number of cases used = 6 Analysis of Variance p-value Source SS df MS F Value Sig Prob Regression 4. 24350E+07 1 4. 24350E+07 795. 83480 0. 000009 Residual 213285. 70000 4 53321. 43000 Total 4. 26483E+07 5PRICE OF X / SALES OF Y REGRESSION COEFFICIENTS FOR SALES(Y) Two-Sidedp-value Variable Coefficient Std Error t Value Sig Prob Constant 15907. 14000 332. 34250 47. 86370 0. 000001 PRICE(X) -269. 71430 9. 56076 -28. 21054 0. 000009 * Standard error of estimate = 230. 9143 Durbin-Watson statistic = 1. 687953 QUESTIONS a) What is the estimated equation of the model: SALES(Y) = b[pic] + b[pic]PRICE(X)? SALES(Y) = 15907. 14 – 269. 7143 PRICE(X) b) What sort of relationship exists between SALES OF Y and the PRICE OF X? Does this relationship make sense? Why or why not?There is a direct relationship between Sales of Y and the Price of X. The lower the price the higher are the sales. This makes sense because if the price is lower, a person will purchase more items. c) What can you say about GOOD Y and GOOD X (a good can be an item, a commodity, etc. ). Name a pair of good X and good y that can display this kind of relationship. Suppose the price of candy is $0. 50/lb, the sales of the candy versus the same type of candy that is $0. 80/lb would yield more sales because of the price. The price of the candy directly affects sales in this instance because a person would buy more candy at $0. 0/lb versus $0. 80/lb. 4) REGRESSION ANALYSIS A business person is trying to estimate the relationship between the price of good X and the sales of good Z of certain groups of staples. Tests in similar cities throughout the country have yielded the data belo w: PRICE (X)SALES (Z) $153300 $203900 $254750 $305500 $406550 $507250 A simple linear regression of a model SALES (Z) = b[pic] + b[pic]PRICE(X) Was run and the computer output is shown below: PRICE OF X / SALES OF Z REGRESSION FUNCTION & ANOVA FOR SALES(Y) SALES(Z) = 1740. 686 + 115. 5882 PRICE(X) R-Squared = 0. 977573 Adjusted R-Squared = 0. 71966 Standard error of estimate = 255. 2152 Number of cases used = 6 Analysis of Variance p-value Source SS df MS F Value Sig Prob Regression 1. 13565E+07 1 1. 13565E+07 174. 35450 0. 000190 Residual 260539. 20000 4 65134. 80000 Total 1. 16171E+07 5 PRICE OF X / SALES OF Z REGRESSION COEFFICIENTS FOR SALES(Z) p-value Variable Coefficient Std Error t Value Sig Prob Constant 1740. 68600 282. 52800 6. 16111 0. 003522 PRICE(X) 115. 58820 8. 75381 13. 20434 0. 000190 *Standard error of estimate = 255. 2152 Durbin-Watson statistic = 1. 240299 QUESTIONS a) What is the estimated equation of the model: SALES(Z) = b[pic] + b[pic]PRICE(X)? SALES (Z) = 17 40. 686 + 115. 5882 PRICE(X) b) What sort of relationship exists between SALES OF Z and the PRICE OF X? Does this relationship make sense? Why or why not? There is a direct relationship between Sales of Y and the Price of X. The higher the price the higher are the sales. This makes sense as it relates to supply and demand. The higher the demand and for the product and unavailability of the product, the price will go up even though sales may he same due to the price increase the sales amount will be higher. c) What can you say about GOOD Z and GOOD X (a good can be an item, a commodity, etc. ). Give an example of good X and good Z that can display this kind of relationship A prime example that displays this kind of relationship is gas. The price of gas has been going up for sometime now. The demand for it is high, but the supply of is low. Therefore, even though the amount of sales may stay constant, the dollar amount will be higher because the price is higher. Chi-Squared Test #1M&M , makers of Chocolate Candies, conducted a national poll in which more than ten million people indicated their preference for a new color. The tally of this poll resulted in the replacement of tan-colored M&Ms with a new blue color. In the brochure â€Å"Colors,† made available by M&MS Consumer Affairs, the distribution of colors for the plain candies is as follows: BROWNYELLOWREDORANGEGREENBLUE 30%20%20%10%10%10% In a follow-up study two years later, samples of 1-pound bags were used to determine whether the reported percentages were still valid. The following results were obtained (observed) for one sample of 506 plain candiesBROWNYELLOWREDORANGEGREENBLUE 17713579413638 Use a level of significance ( = 0. 05 to determine whether these data support the percentages reported by the company Hint: To obtain the Expected Number of multiply the sample value (506) by each color’s probability, i. e. , E = BROWNYELLOWREDORANGEGREENBLUE 30% (506)20%(506)20%(506)10%(506)10%(506)1 0%(506) Then compute the Chi-Squared. H[pic]: f[pic], f[pic], f[pic], f[pic], f[pic], f[pic] hold previous year’s patterns or percentages H[pic]: At least one frequency differs from the previous year’s pattern or percentages E = 506/6 = 84. 33 [pic]=(177 –84. 33)[pic]/84. 33+(135 – 84. 33)[pic]/84. 33 + (79 – 84. 33)[pic]/84. 33+(41 – 84. 33)[pic]/84. 33)+(36 – 84. 33)[pic]/84. 33+(38 – 84. 33)[pic]/84. 33) ([pic]=101. 937 + 30. 49217 + 0. 333215 + 22. 24069 + 27. 67367 + 25. 4293 ([pic]=208. 106. This is the computed ([pic]-value. ( = 0. 05 d. f. = 6 – 1 = 5. Go to ([pic]-tables at ( = 0. 05, and d. f. = 5, you will get CRITICAL ([pic]-value = 11. 070. Since Computed ([pic]-value is greater than Critical ([pic]-value REJECT NULL H[pic]:P[pic] = P[pic] = P[pic] = P[pic] = P[pic] ALTERNATIVE H[pic]: At least one P is different is correct

Impact of Bankers Bonuses on the Economy Research Paper

Impact of Bankers Bonuses on the Economy - Research Paper Example A qualitative analysis would be conducted in order to accomplish the objectives of this research study, for which both primary as well as secondary data would be collected. The secondary data would be collected through authentic print as well as online sources, while for collecting primary data; a focus group interview would be conducted among 10 respondents.The spectacular collapse of financial institutions and banks has raised questions that link the bank executives and the payments that they received for their performance. Thomas Philippon and Ariell Reshef in their research report had mentioned that in the year 2000, the salary that the executives received in the banking sector were augmented by about 40 percent, in spite of having the same qualification (Fox, 2009). They were also offered stocks and other equity options in order to avoid their practice of short-termism. It was found that the level of pay of the executives increased dramatically in comparison to the non-executive s (The Independent, 2009). Standard & Poor 500 stated that the average total pay of the CEOs has increased to 10.5 million during the year 2008 from $850,000 in the 1970s. 1.2 Research Problem The research problem revolves around bankers’ bonus and its effect on the economy. This is because it was found that even during the economic crisis when the banks were collapsing, their bankers were receiving the hefty bonus for their performance, which is an underlying cause of financial crisis. 1.3 Research Aim and Objective The aim of this research paper is to identify the relationship between bankers’ bonus and the global economy. In order to fulfill this aim, the objective of the researcher would be to analyze the payment structure in the banking sector, which also includes the bonus. Secondly, the cause and effect of bonus payment on the financial status of the banks during the financial crisis would be also examined. Thirdly, the issues would be identified in order to pre sent the wrong practices if any in this regard. 1.4 Research Questions The research questions have been formulated in line with the aims and objectives of this research study; they are stated below: Q1: Did the bankers receive a bonus during the financial downturn? If yes, then how much? Q2: What was the financial status of the banks which distributed bonus to its executives? Q3: What payment of bonus to bankers an underlying reason which added to the financial crisis?   Bankers’ bonuses are awarded to the workers in the banking and finance industry, which was traditionally paid at the end of the year with the intention of rewarding employees. This was a way to appreciate their contribution to the growth and development of the organization. However, the present scenario of bankers’ bonus can be better explained through Peter Ducker’s words. He stated that when the bosses themselves get over indulged in the corporate trough, they tend to lose respect in the org anization.  Ã‚  

Bodies as a Site of Productions and Commodification Essay

Bodies as a Site of Productions and Commodification - Essay Example The loveliness and magnificence of different organs of a body capture the eyes and hearts of the viewers, and they find marvelous physical appeal in the same to love and adore the person(s) carrying these charms, in accordance with their choices, tastes and standards of beauty. Therefore, Baudrillard (1998) has declared human body as the finest commodity available in the market, which outshines all other products and merchandise existing in the corporate environment in general because of its dazzling stand out, unique characteristics and natural ecstasy. In addition, various parts of human body are also used and employed for medical and research purposes, which turn out to be highly beneficial for discovering new realities about human body and its attributes and characteristics, paving the way towards discovering new formulae, techniques and devices for the complete convalescence of the people suffering from various ailments and diseases. The people also allow granting various parts of their bodies including eyes, kidney, liver, blood and semen for commercial benefits on the one hand, and as donation to the blind, ill and issueless individuals on the other. The credit goes to technological advancements, which have wide opened the new avenues of transplanting various body organs from one person to the other in a successful and skilled manner. However, contemporary biotechnological developments are accompanied by the fear that commodification of human tissue and DNA will lead to exploitation of dignity and integrity of innocent individuals. Ethical principles and historical traditions can constitute powerful arguments against direct commodification of the human body (Rendtorff, 2000: 57-58). Thus, human body and its different organs can be utilized during man’s life-time as well as after his departure from the world. The significance of human body can be explored in several different viewpoints. On the one hand, the people also develop love and affection f or the innocent countenances the little children carry, and compare them to the angels in respect of simplicity, innocence and tenderness; and on the other hand, the changing physical appearances of the teenagers and adults is taken as a gorgeous source of obtaining sexual gratification and satisfying their carnal desires as well. Langlois et al. (2000) are of the opinion that it is the male for whom attractiveness and showiness is more important in comparison with female. It is partly due to the very fact that female body looks far more alluring because of its flexibility, bewitching organs and softness that tempts the male to conquer the same either permanently or for the time being. In humans, because attractiveness is especially important as an indicator of reproductive fitness in women, the reliability of attractiveness ratings should be higher when judging females than when judging males, especially as evaluated by male perceivers (Jackson, 1992). However, the stoutness and ha iriness of male body fascinates the females as well as effeminate males, which long for their company and romance or sexual union with them. Consequently, the naked bodies of both men and women have been being carved, painted, drawn out and engraved for centuries since

Comparing Feminism and Marxism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Comparing Feminism and Marxism - Essay Example The Marxists disagree on few things and one of those things is the scale to which they see a worker's revolution as the way of achieving human liberation and illumination and also the methods by which such revolution can occur in real. Marxism is sometimes described as 'Socialism'. According to some Marxists, the real and full Marxists principles were never implemented in any country; however, socialist countries implemented some part of Marxism. According to Karl Marx, a particular class of a society exploits the other class and according to him, this attitude in the society is the result of capitalism and free market. Marx defined the profit as the difference between the value of the product made by the laborer and the actual salary or the wage, which the laborer receives. He lighted his point that in Capitalist economy, money is earned by paying fewer wage to laborers, but profit is not moderated in terms of risks vs. return. According to Marx, people are getting away from their nature and natural behavior, and he accused capitalism for this. In capitalist economy, all benefits are being transferred to the employers and employees get a very low share out of the profit. Like this, employer is actually taking the advantages, which are earned by the hardworking laborers1. According to Marx, alimentation is the situation in which a person lays in capitalism, and it is not necessary that he or she himself admit that they are alienated. 3. Base and superstructure: According to Marx, the 'base structure' explains their point that the entire relations among people with respect to 'the social production of their existence' makes the economic basis in the society. And on this economic basis, the political and legal institutions are formed finally. The other factors affecting this are the religion, philosophy and other ideas. There is always a conflict between the development of material productive forces and the relation of production. This conflict results in the change in economic basis and finally it will cause the transformation of the superstructure2. According to Marx, this relationship is not a one-way process, but both sides are involved in it. And their relationship is considered as dialectical and not a distinction. 4. Class-consciousness: this is used to refer the awareness of oneself and also of the social world around oneself where we live. The awareness about the social class helps in understanding the capacity and it should be known before the class starts a successful revolution. 5. Ideology: Marx used the term 'ideology' in a special meaning and that is to allocate the production of social reality. Engels describes ideology as, 'a process accomplished by the so-called thinker consciously, it is true, but with a false consciousness. The real motive forces impelling him remain unknown to him; otherwise it simply would not be an ideological process. Hence he imagines false of seeming motive forces.'3 This all happens due to the reason that the ruling class controls the resources and in this way they also controls the superstructure of society. In this way, the decisions made would be in favor of ruling class and we cannot expect that they will make any decision which will be in favor of lower class. Marx states in his The

Womens Representation in the Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Womens Representation in the Media - Essay Example Moreover, these same images have been portrayed within the media since the dawn of the television age as is traced through the work of Barry Gunter.   Throughout television history, programs have been created with an eye toward attracting and defining the female in ways that focused upon the observational qualities she possessed – her body shape, her pleasing facial appearance and her glamorous clothing and accessories. Even in shows such as The Honeymooners, which offered a questioning of the ‘powerless’ role of the female, attention was given to ensure the female body remained a pleasing conformation. The emphasis on the concept that even lower middle class women were expected to conform to external ideals has only continued to build in the film industries and as television has expanded programming.   These widely apparent examples of how women portrayed in the media represent an impossible ideal to which ‘normal’ girls are constantly compared h as also been proven to have the potential for long-term social, psychological and physical problems.Chasing the DreamToday there are numerous pop culture stars such as Paris Hilton who seem to believe that being an object talked about is better than contributing something significant to the welfare of society.   This attitude of image trumps substance is transferred to many of their fans and by extension many other young girls. Empty-headed material-culture superstars have achieved their fame based solely on their beautiful bodies and extreme spending habits.’

Critical analysis of ralph ellison's discrimination Research Paper

Critical analysis of ralph ellison's discrimination - Research Paper Example learns that the government and society promote and condone racism, and that racism stifles the ability of black people to reach their full potential as human beings. The government creates laws and institutions that promote institutional racism. Schools should be a place for equal learning, but Ellison reveals its true purpose: â€Å"[it was a] new public school †¦exclusively for whites† (Ellison page 66 par. 1). Blacks and whites are equally paying their taxes, but the public systems prefer to serve the whites. Clearly, the education is geared toward the education of the dominant race and aims to leave the poor minorities in a deep level of ignorance. Furthermore, Ellison’s daily experiences toward his school reflect the disparaging gap, not only between the rich and the poor, but between whites and blacks. He talks about the route of a â€Å"viaduct,† warehouses,† and â€Å"docks, even a â€Å"red-light district† on the way to school (Ellison 66.2). This kind of route is not appropriate for young students, but apparently, the blacks are located far enough from school and near their workplaces. The settin g indicates social segregation, where the whites have placed the blacks in their proper place. In addition, the government controls public entertainment spaces. Ellison wants to go to the zoo, but it is suddenly closed to black children. He wants to understand the reason why he cannot see the zoo, while white children can, but her mother says: â€Å"Quit asking questions, it’s the law†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Ellison 66.4). The idea of no longer questioning the law indicates the political powerlessness of the blacks. When public spaces are white spaces, the government further entrenches the blacks in poverty and powerlessness. Society condones racism because of its inability to integrate the whites and the minorities as equals. The red-light district symbolizes the peripheral and subordinate treatment of blacks. The black prostitutes feed the white men’s desire, which reflects

The policy of New York articulated subway train Research Paper

The policy of New York articulated subway train - Research Paper Example The metropolitan transportation authority of New York resolved that enhancement of public transit system so that one can travel throughout NYC seamlessly and easily is the biggest goals in the transportation sector (Carrigy p.1). This triggered the formulation of a policy that whose objective is replacement of the old trains with the articulated trains. Several benefits are attributable to the articulated trains as the document discusses. New York City is embarking upon a massive re-branding campaign so as to increase the visibility of New York as a tourist destination. This will increase access to transportation system in New York and hence enhance system’s connectivity. This has never been important as it is today partly because of the massive increase of population. It has been noted that NYC is faced with a unique challenge mostly because it already have crowded population and the population is also growing (Middleton 4). However, populations in other major metropolitan cities such as Chicago and Los Angeles have leveled off in the recent time. New York City’s population has not revealed signs of tapering anytime soon. The policy or idea of articulated trains in New York is as old as the year 1924. In the year 1924, the Brookline-Manhattan transit corporation introduced a policy for a triplex. It was a hinged multi-sectioned body. It operated in the lines B, D, N, Q and R for a period of 40 years. The policy represented the height of the transit modernity. The system was effective just in the New York municipality. They are, however, not in operation today. However, the transportation system has the potential of accommodating the technology of articulated trains although rebranding is essential (Wortman 12). The metropolitan transportation authority has, therefore, rolled out a policy of reintroduction of the articulated trains. The policy was communicated in the year 2013. It is expected to be fully

Development of American Society between the early seventeenth century Essay

Development of American Society between the early seventeenth century and the ratification of the American Constitution in 1787 - Essay Example time witnessed an original compact formed by the free and deliberate voices of the individuals disposed to unite in the same social bonds; thus exhibiting a political phenomenon unknown to former ages. James Madison (1789) During this period radical idealists in all spheres of the American society were very much determined to bringing about revolution changes; the cause they stood for infused meaning into their lives as the revolution was inclined on the notion that ‘the people’ governed, that ‘the people’ supplied government with its energy and direction, and that monarchical institutions were to be abolished since they were not owned and accountable to the people at the same time. Robert C. & Reval Siegel (2003) Madison was categorical in making the government work and he dedicated him in actualizing this dream. He instituted winning strategies that were pragmatic and passionately pursued the cause; he formed alliance with Jefferson though he was opposed to Hamilton. He also was the brainchild to the Republican Party, which earned him popularity by clinching the Presidency. All these well-documented stratagems are so difficult to reconcile this fact with the conservative anti-democrat. James Madison (1789) By 1780 through 1790 the historical world experienced a consistent array of constitutional crisis; controversies followed suit in a raw until the republican capsized beyond salvage. Financing the war detrimentally hampered, the fight over negotiating with Spain to open the Mississippi, the failure of the Articles of confederation, Shay’s Rebellion, Ratification, Hamilton’s plan for assumption and financing the debt etc resolves the stalemate election of 1800. Numerous scandals smeared the Republicans image, which led Jefferson to label them as ‘monocrats’. The idea that a citizen became a subject only during elections era was outrageous. Madison, Winthrop and Paine were frontiers of the American dream the American Revolution to eliminate

The velocity of different masses on a slope Research Paper

The velocity of different masses on a slope - Research Paper Example For each weight, two runs were made, therefore, giving two sets time values. The velocity of the car was calculated and it was observed that the velocity of the trolley car remained significantly the same and this was attributed to the fact that the distance and the angle of the slope were kept constant during the each successive run. The results agree with the hypothesis; if the length and angle of inclination of a plane are kept constant then, the velocities of different masses of objects moving along the inclined plane will be the same Initially, Aristotle erroneously concluded that heavy bodies would fall at a faster rate than light bodies due to their weight difference (Young et al. 2010, 51). However, in describing motion along an inclined plane, Galileo discovered that the velocity of the moving object increases proportionally with time and that the distance the object travels will be proportional to the square of the time if the initial velocity of the body was zero (Simonyi 2012, 243). Under ideal conditions, Galileo further hypothesized that the velocity of the object at the foot of the inclined plane will be dependent on the height of the starting point (angle of inclination). If the effects of the air and friction are neglected then all bodies fall with the same downward acceleration regardless of size and weight (Stillman 1974, 1). The acceleration, velocity and distance travelled are some of the information required to give a conclusive description of the motion on an inclined plane. Since there is no extra force applied, the motion down the inclined plane is as a result of gravity which pulls directly downwards (perpendicular to the flat surface) as the object slides down the plane (Kline 1998, 55). This experiment purposes to investigate the effect of mass on the velocity of an object down the inclined plane. In effect, it will substantiate the

Nha trang station Essay Example for Free

Nha trang station Essay ?Unfortunately, at the time when the train came at nha trang station, its machinery was damaged. All of passengers on board received notice from the commander of the train is to stay in this city 2 days for them to repair machinery because no train to replace. Staffs at station guided passengers on board to the hotel to rest. Fortunately, I was visited one more a beautiful beach city on my travelling. First day, I woke up early and explored this city on the map. My family decided to travel by self-sufficiency. I went a round the city to watching the beach, it was so pretty and agreeable with fresh sea atmosphere, cool. The people are also very friendly and welcoming when I asked for directions or tourist places, even they willing take my family to tourist place and eating. My family started to go around to visit these beautiful islands by boat. I was so excited to be sitting on the boat for travel around of the islands. I was feeling like I mixed with the nature. Finally my family decided to stop one islands nearby for swimming and eating. An island was very beautiful with caves was created by natural. I went to swim and have fun with my family. I participated in these games service on the island such as diving or Jet Ski and eat seafood with my family on the coast. The whole day for swimming on the island, my family was so tired when we came back to the hotel. At night on this beach city was so dreamy with a lot of colorful brilliant. Everybody came to the coast for relaxing with the cool air, coffee, dinning and sing a song. I walk to coffee shop near the hotel to sit and watch the beach and living of the people present at night while my family was resting at the hotel. Nightlife here is very lively and fun. After that I returned to take a rest at my hotel. A second day, my family took a tour to seafood super market, temple, and some nice place. In the afternoon, my family came to the train station for continuing the journey to Hanoi.

Traffic Lights Microprocessor

Traffic Lights Microprocessor Microprocessor: A microprocessor is defined as the digital electronic component embedded with transistors on a single semiconductor integrated circuit. One or more than one microprocessors typically serve as a central processing unit in a computer system. Microprocessor Components: Basic Components: The following are the basic components of the microprocessor: Registers: A register is a storage element which is composed of an array of flip-flops. A 1-bit register can store 1 bit and a 32-bit register can hold 32 bits and so on. A register has two inputs: Data input Clock input. Multiplexers: A multiplexer is used as an input selector. A multiplexer has 1 output, a control input and other data inputs. If the control signal is 0, the 0th input is moved to the output. If the control signal is 7 then the 7th input is moved to the output. A multiplexer with N control signal bits can support 2N inputs. For example, a multiplexer with 3 control signals can support 2pow(3) = 8 inputs. A 4 input Multiplexer with 2 control signal wires An 8 input Multiplexer with 3 control signal wires A 16 input Multiplexer with 4 control wires Program Counter The Program Counter is a register structure which contains the address pointer value of the current instruction. For each cycle the value at the pointer is read into the instruction decoder and the program counter is updated to point to the next instruction. Instruction Decoder: The Instruction Decoder performs the function that it reads the next instruction in from memory and sends the component pieces of that instruction to the necessary destinations. They are of two types: RISC Instruction Decoder The RISC instruction decoder is a simple device because RISC instruction words areof fixed length and the positions of the fields are fixed. We can decode an instruction, therefore, by simply separating the machine word into small parts using wire slices. CISC Instruction Decoder A CISC decoder is set up as a state machine. The machine reads the opcode field to determine the type of instruction and address of the other data values. The instruction word is read in part by part and decisions are made at each stage to determine how the remainder of the instruction word will be read. Register File A register file is a set of registers and a decoder. The register file requires an address and a data input. The other components required are memory unit, ALU, FPU stands for floating point unit and control unit. Microcontroller: A microcontroller (also microcomputer, MCU or  µC) is a small computer on a single integrated circuit consisting internally of a relatively simple CPU, clock, timers, I/O ports and memory. Program memory in the form of NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a typically small amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are designed for small or dedicated applications. Differences Between Microprocessor And Microcontroller: Microprocessor = CPU Microcontroller = CPU+ peripherals + memory Peripherals = ports + clock + timers + ADC converters +LCD drivers Memory = SRAM +EEPROM+ EPROM + flash A microcontroller has a combination of all the above explained attributes whereas a microprocessor is only a CPU. Examples of microprocessors are 8085 and 8086. The following is the pin diagram of 8086 microprocessor: Examples of microcontrollers are 8254, 8279, 8255, 8259. Microprocessor Based Control Of Traffic Lights INTRODUCTION Now almost all the traffic light systems operate on a timing mechanism that changes the lights after a given time interval. An automated traffic light system senses the presence or absence of vehicles and reacts accordingly. An automated or intelligent traffic system detects traffic in many different ways. Current traffic systems react to motion to trigger the light changes. When the infrared object detector picks up the presence of a vehicle, a switch causes the lights to change. In order to accomplish this, algorithms are used to govern the actions of the traffic system. The traffic signal system consists of three important parts. The first part is the controller, which represents the brain of the traffic system. It consists of a computer that controls the selection and timing of traffic movements in accordance to the varying demands of traffic signal as registered to the controller unit by sensors. The second part is the signal visualization or in simple words is signal face. Sign al faces are part of a signal head provided for controlling traffic in a single direction and consist of one or more signal sections. These usually comprise of solid red, yellow and green lights. The third part is the detector or sensor. The sensor or detector is a device to indicate the presence of vehicles. One of the technologies, which are used today, consists of wire loops placed in the pavement at intersections. They are activated by the change of electrical inductance caused by a vehicle passing over or standing over the wire loop. Experimental Arrangement: In order to implement the Intelligent Traffic Signal Simulator, one needs to setup and assemble the hardware components and write a program to control the intelligent traffic signal simulator. The layout of the Intelligent Traffic Signal Simulator is displayed in Figure 1. The blocks, which are labeled N1, N2, N3, E1, E2, E3, S1 and W1 are the infrared object detectors. Hardware components: The traffic light system consists of four important components: the controller which is taken as brain to the system, the sensors which detect the presence of vehicles, the light emitting diodes (LED) which act as the actuator and the countdown timers which is displayed in Lab VIEW. BASIC STAMP 2 (BS2) is used as the microcontroller of the traffic signal. The BS2, which needs to be plugged to the Board of Education (BoE), is directly attached to the computer in order to program it. The wiring for the output and input signals is done from this board. Figure 2 shows the Board of Education to which a 9V DC power is supplied. There is also a DB9 connector, that is connected to the COM port of computer using RS-232 serial cable, for BS2 programming and serial communication during run-time. Next to the BS2, there is a breadboard. The breadboard has many strips of copper, which run underneath the board in a horizontal fashion. These strips connect the sockets to each other. As for the infra red object detector, SHARP GP2D15 is used. The sensor task is to detect the presence of vehicles. It is functioning continuously by giving a logic 0 when there are no vehicles and logic 1 when there are vehicles present. Therefore, they can detect the length of the queue depending on where they are placed. Each detector has a JST connector housing slot and three crimped wires to use in the JST connector. The connectors are plugged into the appropriate housing slot and into the detector. The light emitting diodes are used in order to show the traffic light changing according to the program. The LED light will change according to output by the microcontroller. In each lane, there are three LEDs according to traffic lights colors which consist of red, yellow and green. Moreover, two inverters were used in order to connect the output of green and red LEDs together. Therefore, when the green LED is ON then the red LED will be OFF and vice-versa. Figure 3 shows the connection of the input and output ports to sensors and LEDs. The BS2 microcontroller has 16 Input and Output ports. The ports were divided into 8 input and 8 output ports. The output ports, which are from P0 to P7, give either logic 0 or 1 to the LEDs. The input ports, which are from P8 to P15, receive input signal from the sensors. Software simulation: After the hardware had been setup, a program written in the BASIC programming language in the BASIC STAMP editor is downloaded into the microcontroller. The simulation of the algorithm of the traffic signal system was done using MATLAB software. The countdown timer interfacing according to the traffic system using Lab VIEW software is created using the BNC Adapter and the Data Acquisition Card (DAQ) device. The Lab VIEW programming is done in the diagram using graphical source code. In the block diagram the program runs from left to right. If the green light in the traffic model does not illuminate, the system goes into default since there is no input into the system. The signal from the sensor is acquired through the DAQ, which is connected, to the computer. Using 8085 to Design: The hardware of the system consists of two parts. The first part is Microprocessor based system with 8085. Microprocessor as CPU and the peripheral devices like EPROM, RAM, Keyboard Display Controller 8279, Programmable as Peripheral Interface 8255, 26 pin parallel port connector, 21 keys Hexa key pad and six number of seven segment LEDs. The second part is the traffic light controller interface board, which consist of 36 LEDs in which 20 LEDs are used for vehicle traffic and they are connected to 20 port lines of 8255 through Buffer. Remaining LEDs are used for pedestrian traffic. The traffic light interface board is connected to Main board using 26 core flat cables to 26-pin Port connector. The LEDs can be switched ON/OFF in the specified sequence by the Microprocessor. Result and Conclusion: The traffic signal operation will start by the traffic lights illuminating in red for 1 second in all directions. Then the traffic signals will start illuminating in the clockwise direction of the magnet compass. This means that it will start operating in the North lane, then East lane, then South lane, then West lane and goes back to North lane.

Cognitive psychology

Cognitive psychology Information processing systems in the brain are studied under Cognitive psychology (Sternberg, 2008). Cognitive psychology is a broad range of study, which includes the study of internal mental conditions, thinking, and language, solving problems, processing information, artificial intelligence, development of infants, feelings and how the mind performs these functions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Development of Cognitive psychology has provided many significant points in research and has turned out to be a most important discipline in psychology that looks inside the mental processes, for example, solving problems, language, and memory, the study of how an individual thinks, perceives, remembers, learns, and then behaves. In the later part of the 19th century several psychologists became increasingly interested in the field of cognition. Considering theories of earlier behaviorists, for example Jean Piaget in the early part of the 19th century with his attention on the thoughts of children, B.F. Skinner in the mid-19th century with his operant conditioning, or Noam Chomsky who challenged B.F. Skinners idea some years later. After many doubts and uncertainties of the ability of the research attained from the behaviorists, currently what is known as cognitive psychology replaced these theories. Therefore, the interest with the study of cognition starts to increase and cognition turns out to be an enormous concept in psychology, which has been known as the cognitive revolution, and then became to be known as cognitive psychology. A significant point in the advancement of cognitive psychology begins with a psychologist named Wilhelm Wundt, who was the first individual to identify the subject of psychology, in the last part of the 18th century (Taylor, 2005). Wundt thought that psychology dealt with the examination of experience (structuralism), which he described in a table of the brain that was similar to the periodic table. Another psychologist, whos name was William James, challenged Wundts findings. The research that James conducted, allowed James to recognize that, Mental processes must have a purpose; they must be for something (Willingham, 2007, p. 15). In other words, the experience of an individual was not what was important but the meaning of the experience to the individual (functionalism). Additionally, William James took part in the James-Lange Theory. This theory indicates that an individuals emotion that is experienced is based upon the decided action in which the individual engaged in. After st ructuralism (Wundt) and functionalism (James), a theorist emerged to challenge the theories of James and Wundt, this theorist was named John Watson. Watsons theory is known as behaviorism and was based upon his own beliefs. After Wundts structuralism and James functionalism, a theorist named John Watson emerged and challenged both Wundts and James theories by his own beliefs, which is known as behaviorism. Behaviorism can be described as what an individual is doing or is observed to be doing by another individual. Watsons theory indicated, first study the individuals behavior and make an assumption, then determine the basic relations between the stimuli and the response. Watson believed that a stimuli and a response can be interchangeable. After Watsons theories of behaviorism, the decline of behaviorism began and another theory was started to study the mind, this other theory compared the mind to a computer. This theory turned into the bond connecting behaviorism and cognitive psychology. As technology advanced, this comparison of the mind to a computer allowed psychologists to understand more of the internal human, which became a major part in how theorists studied human thought processes and behaviors. Behavioral observation of psychologists transformed curiosity of the mental process was brought about by the development of the computer (Rosenzweig, Breedlove, Watson, 2005). This development offered a fascinating image of the human mind, which associated the computer to the brain. The computer codes used, offered a step-by-step model of how information obtained from the environment each day is recorded, stored, and recovered to provide a response. The formation of computer comparison gave psychologists the idea to begin a plan for information processing models of the human thought process and behavior. The goal of a cognitive psychologist is to understand the action of humans performing intellectual tasks and to form assumptions of the summary of the methods motivating the behavior. Cognitive psychologists offer theories about what is occurring inside an individuals mind on the basis of that individuals external behaviors. Without a doubt, there is no way to recognize for sure what is happening inside the brain of a human being. What is important is that the theory be accurate in determining an individuals action in a challenging situation. Cognitive Psychology is an extensive subject that deals with the different functions taking place inside the mind of an individual. Through the growth of this subject, psychologists are at this time able to understand humans behaviors and thought processes. Reference Rosenzweig, M.R., Breedlove, S.M., Watson, N.V. (2005). Biological Psychology: An Introduction to Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience (4th ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sternberg, J. R. (2008). Cognitive Psychology (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Publishing. Taylor, L. (2005). Introducing Cognitive Development. New York, NY: Psychology Press Inc. Willingham, D.T. (2007). Cognition, The Thinking Animal (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Firearms :: essays research papers

Firearms War. Conflict. Famine. Pestilence – these are the four horsemen of Apocalypse as the people in the mid-ages imagined them. They stormed through countries and cities, leaving thousands dead, injured, frightened or crying behind. The first two – the most merciful ones, or to be more precise, the fatal tools they use to make their evil deeds are the subject of my essay. To be precise, I’m going to speak about the types of modern firearms - the ones that a single man can handle and which fire bullets – very simple, easy-to-use and deadly. Revolvers – these can be described as pistols with revolving chamber which enables you to fire several shots without reloading. Revolvers were popular in the end of XIX - beginning of XX century because they are quite easy to use, reliable, and cheap, but were soon replaced by pistols because of their limited capacity and mobility. However, revolvers are still used by the policemen -- large-caliber bullets they use (â€Å"Magnum† 45 or 36 millimeter) can knock out an outlaw at first shot, even if fired in foot. Revolvers usually hold 5, 6, or 7 bullets. There are 2 major types of revolvers: with single and simultaneous extraction of fired shells. In the first case, after you’re done shooting, you have to take out every single shell using some sharp object to push on it from the front holes of the chamber. In the second case, the revolver usually opens up, â€Å"breaking into two pieces† and you pull out every single shell, or the chamber is shifted left an d emptied by pushing on the special rod in the front (i.e. â€Å"Colt† or â€Å"Smith-Wesson†). Revolvers are also divided into manual and automatic ones. In the manual revolver you have to draw back the firing lever each time to make a shot, in automatic it moves back itself, each time you pull on the trigger. Pistol – The main difference between revolvers and pistols it that the revolvers use the muscular force of the shooter to recharge, and on the other hand, pistols use the energy of gunpowder gases and don’t have revolving chambers. There are lots of different designs of pistols, but the principle of work is the same. Pistol’s bullets are usually located in its handle, and are of a smaller caliber than those of revolver. The capacity of the pistol’s cartridge can range from 5 to 30 bullets and pistols shoot automatically, as many times as you pull the trigger (of course, until it runs out of bullets).

Coppolas Interpretation of Dracula as a Love Story Essay -- Movie Fil

Coppola's Interpretation of Dracula as a Love Story      Ã‚  Ã‚   The protagonist and story of Bram Stoker's novel Dracula have been widely interpreted and adapted in films throughout many years. Despite almost a century of time since the initial publication, Dracula has maintained its ability to frighten and mesmerize readers. Francis Ford Coppola's Bram Stoker's Dracula; however, utilizes the erotic romance of the original novel in order to depict a tragic love story. The film accurately follows the general plot of the novel, yet presents the characters in a unique manner that provides for a different appreciation of the characters.    Francis Ford Coppola's adaptation of Stoker's novel begins with the presentation of how Dracula became an immortal creature doomed to thirst for the blood of living animals. This story is essential to the interpretation of Dracula in Coppola's film. Dracula was a knight in the sacred army of the church, who left his wife in order fight against an invading Turkish army. He was successful in preventing the invasion of the Turks, yet they retaliated by sending his wife, Elizobeta, a letter that falsely reported his death in the battle. Upon hearing this tragic news, Elizobeta committed suicide by jumping into a river. When Dracula returns from the battle he discovers that his beloved wife is dead, and when the church tells him that her soul cannot be saved because she had taken her own life, he turns against the church and renounces God for betraying him. Dracula strikes the stone crucifix behind the altar in the church, which causes blood to gush from the stone. Dracula drinks the bloo d and vows to oppose God for eternity, whereby causing himself to become eternally damned as a vampire. The mos... ...by comparing Bram Stoker's original novel, Dracula, to the film adaptation by director Francis Ford Coppola, the main theme of the movie is discovered to be that Dracula sacrificed himself for his true love. James Craig Holte agrees in his statement that parallels the conclusion of this paper "In Coppola's vampire world, the world of contemporary gothic fiction and film, the moral universe has changed: good and evil are no longer opposites, and actions no longer expected consequences, since love conquers all" (Holte 87).    Works Cited Holte, James Craig. Dracula in the Dark: The Dracula Film Adaptations. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1997. Stoker, Bram. Dracula. New York: Signet, 1992. Bram Stoker's Dracula. Screenplay by James V. Hart. Dir. Francis Ford Coppola. Perf. Gary Oldman, Winona Ryder, Anthony Hopkin, Keanu Reeves. Columbia Tristar, 1992.

Essay --

Legal Requirements for Obtaining a Search Warrant in the United States Search warrant is a request, in the name of the individuals, marked by a justice or other legal power, allowing an officer to search for specified particular property and carry it before the judge (Nova Scotia v. MacIntyre, 1982). The search warrant is a standout amongst the most capable and important devices in the law requirement. While the procedure of seeking and getting a search warrant ought to be ordinary to most officers, there are numerous specialized and lawful pitfalls that can discredit a search warrant, lead to the concealment of confirmation or rejection of cases and have obligation suggestions for incorporated officers (Holcomb, 2003). Therefore, it is the approach of this office that all officers have a sound learning of the legitimate necessities connected with acquiring a search warrant keeping in mind the end goal to anticipate concealment of evidence. Supporting the Constitutional privileges of subjects and to administer open trust in this organization's order to do the police work in a moral and lawful way. The right of the individuals to be protected in their persons, papers, houses, and impacts, against preposterous searches and seizures, might not be defiled, and no Warrants should be issued, yet upon likely cause, upheld by Oath or insistence, and especially portraying the persons or items to be seized and the area to be searched (Holcomb, 2003). The Fourth Amendment protects the individuals from irrational searches and seizures, which implies that numerous searches are fine if they meet certain necessities. Searches are for the most part acknowledged rational when: a judge provides a search warrant depending upon possible reason; or ... ...e a sensible conviction that a perilous subordinate could be stowing away inside a living arrangement. The point when making a defensive mechanism, cops can stroll through a habitation and make a "superficial visual review" of spots where an accessory could be covering up. A search warrant is not dependably lawfully important, and a cop may have data of which an individual is uninformed that permits a police to search a warrantless section. In the event that an officer publishes a plan to enter a home or building without a warrant, an individual ought not harm or a divide accuse of "meddling of a cop." Rather, the individual may as well stand still, let the officer continue and permit a court to decide later if the officer's activities were legitimate. In the meantime, individuals may as well make it apparent that they do not agree to the search.

Important Event in Chinese History Essay

The May Fourth Movement (traditional Chinese: ä ºâ€Ã¥â€ºâ€ºÃ© â€¹Ã¥â€¹â€¢; simplified Chinese: ä ºâ€Ã¥â€ºâ€ºÃ¨ ¿ Ã¥Å  ¨; pinyin: WÇ”sà ¬ Yà ¹ndà ²ng) was an anti-imperialist, cultural, and political movement growing out of student demonstrations in Beijing on May 4, 1919, protesting the Chinese government’s weak response to the Treaty of Versailles, especially the Shandong Problem. These demonstrations sparked national protests and marked the upsurge of Chinese nationalism, a shift towards political mobilization and away from cultural activities, and a move towards populist base rather than intellectual elites. The broader use of the term â€Å"May Fourth Movement† often refers to the period during 1915-1921 more often called the New Culture Movement. Backgrounds: Following the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, the Qing Dynasty was overthrown. This marked the end of thousands of years of powerful imperial rule, and theoretically ushered a new era in which political power rested with the people. However, the reality was that China was a fragmented nation dominated by warlords, who were more concerned with their own political powers and private armies than national interests. The Chinese Beiyang government was occupied with suppressing internal affairs, and did little to counter the influence exerted by imperialist foreign powers. The Beiyang government made various concessions to foreigners in order to gain monetary and military support against their rivals. Defeats by foreign powers and the presence of spheres of influence inflamed a sense of nationalism among the emerging middle class and cultural leaders. Leaders of the New Culture Movement believed that traditional Chinese values were responsible for the political weakness of the nation. This created a rather peculiar situation, in which Chinese nationalists called for a rejection of traditional values and the selective adoption of Western ideals of science and democracy. May fourth Movement (Chinese Students Protest) In 1989 there were growing economic hardship caused by high inflation set the ground for a large-scale protest movement by students intellectuals and other parts of a disaffected urban population. University students and other citizens in Beijing camped out at Tiananmen Square to protest against those who slowed reform. Protests also spread to many other cities including Shanghai and Guangzhou.Martial law was declared on May 20 1989, military units were deployed in Beijing. Demonstrators were suppressed brutally, most observers believe that casualties numbered in the hundreds.The entire world expressed horror at the brutal suppression of the demonstrators, the central government eliminated opposition, held in custody large numbers of protesters and urged for required political re-education not only for students but also for party cadre and government officials.

Component of Computer System Essay

Output devices: Monitor printer, plotter and voice output device, Modem, Automotive navigation system, Projector. Peripheral device that converts machine-readable information into people-readable information. Processing devices: CPU,  Motherboard, Chipset, bus, RAM. Hardware components process information within the computer system. Storage devices: Hard disk drives and  compact disk  drives. Hardware components allow data to be stored within a computer system. Software components of a computer system have no physical presence; they are stored in digital form within computer memory. System software is an  operating system  designed to operate and control the  computer hardware  and to provide a platform for running  application software. Utility software: anti-virus software, firewalls, disk defragmenters. Which helps to maintain and protect the computer system but does not directly interface with the hardware. Applications software: Web browsers, Office software, Games, Multimedia Software, Database Software, and Graphic Software. Designed to allow the user of the system complete a specific task or set of tasks. Different  types of computer software. Programming software, system software and application software are the three main types of computer software used in computer networking. Programmers use the programming software to develop the programming languages necessary to run computer software. Compliers, interpreters, linkers and text editors are some of the basic tools used in programming software. System software offers a protective shield to all software applications. It also provides support to the physical components of computers. System software †¢ Operating system software(windows, Linux, Mac) †¢ Utility programs (anti-virus software, firewalls, disk defragmenters. †¢ Library programs †¢ Translator software (Compiler, assembler, interpreter) Application software is used for commercial purpose. The application software is widely used in educational, business and medical fields. Industrial automation, databases, business software and medical software prove to be of great help in the respective fields. Web browsers, Office software, Games, Multimedia Software, Database Software, and Graphic Software. Application software †¢ General purpose application software. †¢ Special purpose application software. †¢ Bespoke application software

Cultural Diversity in Afghanistan Essay

Afghanistan is an Islamic country. It is divided into different regions where people manifest their own culture and beliefs. Though Afghans dwell in same country yet they practiced different cultures because of their regions’ location and tradition. What is applied to a certain region of Afghanistan may not be applicable to the other regions of the country. This would only show that there is a cultural diversity amongst regions of Afghanistan. Moreover, Afghanistan is located in south-central Asia. The encyclopedia of Islam stated that: Afghanistan has borne that name only since the middle of the 18th century, when the supremacy of the Afghan race (Pashtuns) became assured: previously various districts bore distinct appellations, but the country was not a definite political unit, and its component parts were not bound together by any identity of race or language. The earlier meaning of the word was simply â€Å"the land of the Afghans†, a limited territory which did not include many parts of the present state but did comprise large districts now either independent or within the boundary of Pakistan† (see â€Å"Afghanistan†. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. November 15, 2006). The northern part of the country is bordered by the Soviet Union and on the northeast; it is bordered by China and Kashmir, on the west side is bordered by Iran and on the east and south it is bordered by Pakistan. Every citizen of the country is called as Afghan though the country is composed of various ethnic groups. One of these ethnic groups is the Pashtun (it is also be spelled as Pakhtun, Pathan, Pushtun, and Pukhtun) which makes up about 60 percent of the population. They are from the Caucasian origin and dwelt in Afghanistan in not less than 1, 3000 year. Normally, they are recognized and acknowledged as the â€Å"true Afghans†. Pashtuns are separated into numerous tribes and sub-tribes, followed an ancient code of conduct called as Pashtunwali. The second most populated group is the Tajik, who were also come from the Caucasian origin (see â€Å"Afghanistan†. New Standard Encyclopedia. Volume 1, Pp. A-91, A-93, 94). The intent of this paper is to describe the different cultures in Afghanistan. II. Discussion As I have mentioned earlier, there are two ethnic groups who dwelt in Afghanistan. These groups practiced different cultures. Moreover, different cultures are practiced in Afghanistan because there are numerous ethnic groups that are smaller in number who are scattered throughout the country. Nuristanis is another ethnic group of Afghnistan. They dwell in the secluded mountains of the northeast of Kabul, near the Pakistan border. The Nuristanis claimed that they are the descendants of Alexander the Great. Before they were converted into Islam, Nuristanis had statue of wooden idols and ancestral images sculpted by them and these are well-preserved in the Kabul Museum. Several of these were possibly used to venerate dead ancestors and used in healing rituals or ceremonials (see â€Å"Other Minority Ethnic Groups in Afghanistan†. 2002). Moreover, life in the Afghan home is upholding high values because they really defined the roles of the men and women. These roles are very different from any culture around the world. The women’s lives only revolve in their home and to their children; thus, this practice is in line with their Muslim beliefs. Starting from late 1950s, the urban women who belonged in a well-off family were allowed to find their work far from their homeland and had opportunity to study on higher education. But these privileges were not enjoyed by all women because women who dwelt in the rural areas or amongst nomadic tribes are not given these opportunities. Everyday, Afghan women supply their families with two meals, together with snacks. Their traditional meals are pilau which has meat or vegetables, poultry or wild game kebabas, mutton, yogurt, hot soup and nan which a flat bread. In addition, Afghan has different ways when they engage in marriage. A man and a woman are united in marriage through an agreement made by both parents by settling financial commitments or also called as the â€Å"marketplace† or â€Å"dowry†. In their culture, marriage is considered as a deal between families not just by individuals and it includes financial commitments on both families. The groom will give a dowry to the family of the bride. The dowry comprises of decorative and functional items that are necessary for establishing a household. It comprises goods like beddings, utensils, clothing, jewelry, fans and hangings. The men who attend the weddings are given presents like embroidered handkerchiefs or turban caps. The process in assembling a dowry involves a long period of time and much effort and it is usually started while the girl is still young. The relatives of the females help in the wedding preparations (see â€Å"Afghanistan†). III. Conclusion Truly, the cultures in Afghanistan are one of a kind. Afghan women are just like precious stones because they are well taken care by their parents. During in their younger years, parents set an arrange marriage for their daughter and ask for a dowry to the male’s side. References 1. â€Å"Afghanistan†. New Standard Encyclopedia. Volume 1, Pp. A-91, A-93, 94. 2. â€Å"Other Minority Ethnic Groups in Afghanistan†. 2002. http://www. afghan- network. net/Ethnic-Groups/other-groups. html 3. â€Å"Afghanistan†. http://146. 186. 95. 23/mat_mus/Tour/t_afghan. htm 4. â€Å"Afghanistan†. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. November 15, 2006. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Afghanistan#_note-4

Laura Esquivel

Laura Esquivel’s â€Å"Like Water For Chocolate† is an epic novel set in Mexico at the turn of the twentieth century. It is a bittersweet love story between Tita and Pedro who through fate have kept them apart. The novel is divided into months and starts each chapter with a recipe from Tita’s kitchen. Throughout the novel we follow the seemingly doomed love affair between the two main protagonists of the book. Their affection for each other finally unites them in the afterlife at the end of the novel. The novel is a good example of how the Spanish culture has influenced the new world, or the American continent. Likewise, the novel also is a reflection of Spanish culture principally through its culinary practices. In pre-columbian times, the indigenous peoples of America, revered chocolate or cacao and was often even used as both currency and commodity of trade. The Olmecs, Aztecs and other ancient members of Maya culture regularly included the drink from the cacao beans in their rituals. But previously, the chocolate drink was reserved for the warriors and the elite and consumed only after and not during a   meal. When Columbus discovered America, these cacao beans were then sent back to Europe and was widely accepted there alongside other food products from America like the potato, tomato and other grains. â€Å"Like Water For Chocolate† vividly describes a typical rancheria in Mexico and here we get a glimpse of family life infused in long-held traditions as imposed by the grand matriarch. It is not uncommon for Spanish families to live in one roof even if the children are adults and married. It is quite the norm that married children and their spouses and children continue to live with either the family of the wife or husband. In the novel, Tita is forbidden to marry, being the youngest daughter, she is expected to take care of her aging parents and helping out with household tasks. A profusion of rituals and daily chores in the kitchen reveal to us readers the extent in which Spanish culture has been introduced to the new world. Spanish breakfast occurs twice in a day. The early breakfast consists of bread and coffee with milk eaten at home before one sets off to work or school. A second breakfast occurs anytime between 10 and 11 o’clock in the morning consisting of sweet rolls or biscuits and a tostada – a toasted bread smeared with butter and served on a saucer with olive oil for dipping. Sometimes the bread is served rubbed with tomato and garlic for a more robust flavor. Lunch then occurs at 2 pm which may consist of an omelette, a sausage, and finished with fruit. This repast may be eaten with coffee or beer. After lunch, the customary siesta or afternoon nap commences. This nap may last up to two hours, wherein businesses are closed, and will only open around 4pm. Thus is the unusual and laid-back attributes of the Spanish. In the evening, tapas is served, these are small servings of food or appetizers that may consist of vegetables, seafood, meat, chicken, sausages or just about anything that may be found in the kitchen. This hours are spent eating and drinking wine. Tapas bars abound in the more urban areas in Spain and are regular fare for the citizenry. By 11pm, a real dinner is served. A hearty full-course of salad, soup, entrà ©e, and dessert followed by coffee or an aperitif caps the day. Then off to bed goes the typical Spaniard in what was a typical day spent. The culinary traditions of Spain are steeped in their culture and daily life. The influence of these are far and wide covering the entire world as Spain set out to far reaches in search of wealth and territory. In their vast colonies, Spain brought these traditions with them and in turn imposed them on the local populace but also inter-mingling the local practices in turn. It is safe to conclude therefore that Spanish culinary traditions have been both recipient and donor. For Spain adapted to new world ingredients and manners of cooking. The novel masterfully exploits the culinary richness of Spain and makes these the springboard on which the plot so brilliantly revolves around. The recipes we read in the book are presented in such that their preparation all the way to their consumption is woven into the lives and motives of the characters involved. The recipe for chocolate and rose petals illustrates this. When Tita cooks the rose petals into the chocolate she is consumed with passion and unrelenting desire for Pedro – and eventually transforms all those who imbibe the drink into a frenzy of heat, lust, love and desire as well. Source: Davidson, Alan, The Oxford Companion To Food, 1999