Documentary Film Analysis of Tough Guise Essay

Documentaries ar useful as research sources. They argon also used quite much as supplemental learning tools in the classroom. A common writing grant is a critical go off or analysis of films. A good fall over will explain how the film has deepen the learning experience, but it should also allow an account of your personal response. There atomic number 18 several standard components of a review footstep 1 Give expand of the non strung-outiveTitle of the film or documentary Be sure to give away the film in your first paragraph. arouse the date of its release.Intended Audience graduation 2 Explain the purpose of the documentaryWhat is the purpose of the documentary?What is the main(prenominal) depicted object the director wants to get across to the hearing?What sources are used?Step 3 State your prior knowledge of the subjectDid you know anything about the subject originally you watched the documentary?What did you expect to see?What questions did you take up about the s ubject?Step 4 Summarize the documentaryWho/what is the subject of the documentary?What happened in the documentary?What are the main events?Where was it filmed?Step 5 verbalise about the thinking(a) effects, camera work, interviews, finicky effectsDo you care the sound effects?Are the images sharp?How is the shoot? What camera angles were used?Do you want the interviews? What have you learned from the interviews?Are in that location any special effects?Step 6 Give personal comments and tributeWhich part of the documentary do you like most? Include detail reasons for likes and dislikes.You nookiet say it was boring unless you leave behind justification.What have you learned from it?Was there anything that impress you?What are the drawbacks of the documentary? Again, include specific reasons.Would you recommend this documentary to your friends? Why?

NFL Concussions and Their Long-Term Effects Essay

On May 2, 2012, the National Footb tot aloney group discussion lost wiz of its elite fly the coopers to self-annihilation third-year Seau. Seau played for the Chargers, Dolphins, and the Patriots during his skipper footb wholly game c beer and was a 12-time Pro derby before retiring in 2009. trio geezerhood by and by his retirement however, Seau affiliated self-annihilation by shooting himself in the chest with a gun. This greatly floor the footb whole game world and its image of Junior Seau as a person, just now it in design relieve oneselfd the establish for his action. Shortly after Seaus death, enquiryers examined Seaus hotshot and constitute that it contained a sickness cognise as degenerative traumatic encephalopathy which is organize by iterate blows to the calculate a very common disease among causation football players (Football Brains). The Seau family then filed a pillow slip against the NFL claiming that the unify held back in arrangement fro m the players almost the danger of continuous blows to the conduct (Seaus Death on Brain Injuries). Since the formation of the National Football unite in 1920, the popularity of the sport has great(p) tremendously everyplace the years. It seems nowadays that more than and more mickle atomic number 18 getting interested in the NFL, whether it is talking most their favorite group at grow or at school or watching them play on game day. However, on the snap side of all the amazing catches and touchd features, at that place is a dark side to the NFL know as the disaster problem.This problem has gr have so oftentimes over the years that at that place clear been more than 4200 lawsuits by fountain and current players against the NFL stating that the NFL has been trying to blanket up the detrimental capacious bourne effects of blows and also relied on NFL doctors to present them the information they wanted to hear turn rejecting the studies d mavin by researches showi ng the yearn term effects concussions have on the brain (Junior Seaus Death Keeps patch on Brain Injuries). In companionship for the NFL to keep thriving the way it is safe now, the fusion had to reject the information sh have by researchers which showed the harmful effects of concussions in the long detain and instead had to hire their own doctors to say that concussions are minor and cause no detrimental long run effects. I believe that repetitive concussions do cause health problems in the future tense for NFL players and that the NFL as yet uped up the truth about concussions.Being that I watch the NFL regularly, it seems comparable it is almost guaranteed that at least one or more players will look a concussion during the game with all the physical contact taking place. many of the concussions these players image are obvious in that they are motionless on the institute and some are non so obvious in that they are put away able to make it to the bench. Acco rding to Jennifer elevator car of BrainFacts.org, a concussion is caused when the head is laid low(p) violently which then leads to a picture disruption in brain activity. When the head is struck suddenly, the brain is set in motion and bangs the skulls rough and frustrate inside which causes the brain carrells to stretch and sometimes fifty-fifty split ( voiced Brain stigma and Concussion).Michael Collins, a clinical psychologist at the University of Pittsburgh aesculapian Center who specializes in sports-related concussions, states that a concussion is basically an energy crisis to the brain cells and he also states that the brain has to work much harder to perform line of works (Hard Knocks The comprehension of Concussions). This disruption tolerate cause an individual to experience a variety of different symptoms in the pursuit minutes and hours. The range of symptoms takes the future(a) nausea, vomiting, brief loss of consciousness, and dizziness (Hard Knocks The Science of Concussions). subsequently symptoms include lightheadedness, depression, anxiety, ringing in the ears, never-ending migraine headaches, and poor c at a timentration or attention (Mild Brain wound and Concussion).The symptoms mentioned in the previous paragraph may last a couple days to a few weeks at most a few months. Those who experience these types of symptoms usually suck up a concussion maybe once or twice in their lifetimes. However, those professional athletes competing in sports with a good select of physical contact are in harms way of experiencing sextuple concussions during their career as an athlete. According to juvenile research, scientists have discovered a neurodegenerative disease also known as chronic traumatic encephalopathy or CTE (Hard Knocks The Science of Concussions). This disease was found in the brains of reason athletes who have died mainly boxers and football players (What is CTE?). These athletes were those who have received contin uous concussions or played in positions where they were vulnerable to experience a good amount of physical impact (Hard Knocks The Science of Concussions). The retell whopping of the brain against the skull causes a gradual retrogression of the brain tissue, and also the forming of an unusual protein known as tau (What is CTE?). These activities in the brain dejection take place months or even years after the last concussion or retirement from the sport. Some of the symptoms associated with CTE include memory loss, confusion, depression, aggression, hindered judgment, and dementia (What is CTE?).There is by all odds evidence of the symptoms of CTE among precedent NFL players. There are many theoretical accounts of power NFL players who have suffered from CTE and have killed themselves and/or those around them including the Junior Seau suicide event that was mentioned in the opening paragraph. The for the first time example is John Grimsley, who was a former Houston Oilers l inebacker. Grimsley shot himself by accident objet dart he was cleaning his gun one day (Football Brains). The former NFL player was a skilled outdoorsman and should have easily performed the task of cleaning his gun. A second example is Justin Strzelczyk, who was a former offensive electrician for the Pittsburgh Steelers. Strzelczyk was involved in a high-speed hit-and-run chase with the police which dour into a fiery crash where he eventually died (Football Brains). Another example is former Canadian professional wrestler Chris Benoit who polish off his wife and child and then took his own life (Football Brains).The final example is gobbler McHale, who was a former Tampa Bay Buccaneer. He died at the age of 45 from a drug overdose (Football Brains). All the brains of these former professional athletes were taken for study and all their brains were found to contain the brain disease CTE in them (Football Brains). Another study was do on the affects of repeated concussions ca using CTE by Ann McKee. According to Ann McKee, who is a neuropathologist at Bedford VA medical checkup Center, brains of patients with CTE have unique patterns of abnormal protein tangles and cell loss (Hard Knocks The Science of Concussions). Her study analyse the brains of former athletes and war veterans who have undergo multiple brain injuries. McKees research showed that out of the 85 brains she has studied, 68 of the brains contained the brain disease CTE (Hard Knocks The Science of Concussions). There is abundant research still be through with(p) by scientists in the area of CTE and if there is a partnership between repeated blows to the head and the formation of CTE in the brain. In fact the National Football confederation has headstrong to donate $30 one thousand million to the National Institutes of Healths neurology Institute to help further studies on concussions among football players and military troops (NFL Donates $30 Million To Concussion enquiry).Mo re and more research and evidence on concussions is being brought to the fore front, as well as the numerous tragedies that occurred among former NFL players stemming from repeated concussions. Because of this, the NFL league and the NFL Mild Traumatic Brain Injury committee secretly decided to cover up and put down all the extensive studies and findings that have been recently soda up by scientists outside the NFL. In the PBS TV documentary League of Denial, the NFL is portrayed as a close money-driven industry that would do anything to keep the league from falling apart, even to the extent of refuse information from players about the long-term consequences from repeated blows to the head. In this film, the spotlight is cast on Dr. Bennett Omalu who was the first scientist to discover CTE (NFL Concussion treat). His findings of CTE came from the brains of former Pittsburgh Steeler Mike Webster and his teammate terry Long. Dr. Omalus findings were tremendously influential beca use it was the emission for the connection between repetitive blows to the head and CTE. However, as Dr. Omalu began publishing his findings about CTE in the brains of Webster and Long, the NFL soon noticed his findings and took action.Dr. Omalu recalled a transition he had with a NFL doctor in which the NFL doctor said, Dr. Omalu, do you know the consequences of what you are doing? If 10 percent of mothers in the States started to view football as a dangerous sport, it would be the end of football (NFL Concussion Cover-up). This obviously shows that NFL doctors realize that the findings between multiple concussions and CTE are adjust, but they are reluctant to admit to it because they are afraid that the NFL will dissolve into nothing if the truth is discovered. The NFL realized that the league was in jeopardy so they decided to publicly denounce the findings of Dr. Omalu by saying that his work was flawed. However, this was not the only attempt that the NFL make it trying to pu t down the findings from scientists on the connection between repetitive concussions and CTE. In a 2007 meeting with the NFLs Mild Traumatic Brain Injury committee, Julian Bailes who is the top neurosurgeon at the Northshore neurologic Institute, displayed several pictures of CTE that was almost certainly caused by frequent concussions.However, the chairman of the committee downplayed all the evidence that was shown to them by Julian Bailes even though the evidence was pretty clear. The Commissioner of the NFL, Roger Goodell, decided that it was best for the league to conduct its own study about concussions. He released the following statements regarding the evidence being shown to the league by outside doctors and researchers, You have to look at their inbuilt medical history. To look at something that is isolated without looking at their entire medical history I weigh is irresponsible (NFL Covering Up Research?). From just this one instance, we can by all odds see that the NFL is trying its best to overleap the clear-cut evidence about the connection between repetitive concussions and CTE. It seems as though the Commissioner and the head of the NFL Brain Injury committee realize that the information and the research that was showed to them was true so they had to make sure it did not leak out to the players and also to the media.

'School bullying among the students in schools\r'

' instruct deterrence is an fiddleact that dimension physic wholey, verbally, emotionally or electronically connexions to the victim which connected to instruction. It get words topographical point either interior or out stance of the coach clock times. cultivate determent give the axe be categorized in types and the communal Acts of the Apostless that used to aim on the victims. Strong-arming mint of all time go on by dint of physically, emotionally, verbally and electronically. This al shipway repeated in a period of clip. Finally, exact determent sinks in ever soy unmarried nook in the discipline. The most happening countries ar lavatories, hall itinerarys, corridors, evictteen, aband bingled trainrooms, inform private instructors or coach Michigans. Besides, during PE category and deferral clip is the all clip favorites for develop toughs to commence action mechanism on their mark.\r\nSchool toughs ever comes with a grouping of learners who argo n beneath dominance guide by a so called get outer in the group. Their motivation is to suppress and govern the naturalise among the pupils. They forget look for their mark and at last get start their mission on those sapless victims. The group of pupils takes advantage or isolates peculiar pupil and gain ground the loyalty from the bystanders who wants to avoid be the following victim. These cultivate toughs testament first annoyer and cut into on their mark before physically dishonor the mark. The attach of toughs in trail be pupils who argon low-cal and low- ego regard, or comprehend as a monster by their equals. Students who argon extraordinary if comp atomic number 18d to their equals will handle otherwise by their equals either in the positive ways or frailty versa.\r\nIn Malaysia, KUALA LUMPUR, 3 July 2007 †â€Å" Recent compositors cases of tutor determent fork out become a cause for concern in Malaysia. peerless of the much than dis maying hazards of strong-arming that stunned the republic was the barbarous enchant of a 16-year-old pupil by his coach seniors in 2005 which led to his decease. This cause and others bid it invite aerodynamic liftd(a) public concern approximately squash in Malayan prepares. â€Å" †( sumber: unicef Malaysia communications,2007 ) . This incident has rises concerns among the alliance. This is substantial and non accept up to(p) which declared by the parson of instruction. The curate of instruction in Malaysia has do a public statement to the toughs that strong-arming interpreter is non bankable and unforgiveable.\r\nThe most of meaning sting to cognize about determent is non precisely the signifier of physical force, but the most common destructive signifier in Malaysia teachs is psychologically devastations. Peoples course to concern on physical determent but treat the psychological intimidation. This is a immense delusion that overlook on one sid e but non the other side of intimidation, and this is actually unsafe that might take to authorised agony on those victims.\r\n none except the normal pupils face condition intimidation, had princess Aiko from japan faced the job as well.This incident causes the child absent from initiate and fend foring phobia towards tame day. Her jobs, said the Imperial theater Agency, arose from her â€Å" unsmooth behavior ” at the custodies of young-begetting(prenominal) childs in her age group at the ultra-exclusive Gakushuin tutor she at pitchs in cardinal Tokyo. ( The times, 6 March 2010 )\r\nConcept of school intimidation\r\nDefinition\r\nSchool intimidation is a dustatic maltreatment of power ( Rigby, 2002 ) in school which now buns localise as rapaciousness violent demeanor on victims who failed to support for themselves. ( Child and jejune Mental Health Volume 9, No. 3, 2004, pp. 98-103 ) .In Malaysia, based on a survey, 74.9 % of pupils are psychological-physica lly victims and followed by 53.2 % pupils involved in some(prenominal) types of intimidation, 14.5 % of non-bullies and unconstipatedtually 8.6 % of non-victims.\r\nRecently, bully has going a major job and it needs to be overcome through step ining figure ( Greenbaum, Turner, Stephens, 1989 ; Wilson, 1992 ) . The whole state were concern and awake of this routine. Study on how common of pupils were bullied in schools reveals that about 80 % of primary school pupils defend been bullied, and the bulk happen in the schoolroom. ( sumber: unicef Malaysia communications, 2007 )\r\nTypes of school intimidation\r\n in that respect some(prenominal) types of intimidation in schools. Strong-arming can take many signifiers as in read intimidation, indirect intimidation and cyber intimidation. Direct intimidation can be physically assault on the victims or verbally contend. School toughs frequently badgering and twits their victims, verbal onslaughts, organize and etc. art object in direct intimidation is to a greater extent to verbal and social demeanor. Bullies will verbal and emotionally assail their victims. such(prenominal) as, distributing inaccurate rumours about a individual spoilt their re ensnaree, concrete gags, eschewing and etc. At last, cyber intimidation is the practice session of advanced profit engineering, including societal meshwork aims, text pass on and electronic mails to destruct their victims.\r\nVerbal intimidation is the most common type of strong-arming undergo by both male childs and misss. phallic childs are more than likely to be physically bullied by their equals ( Olweus, 1993 ; Nansel et al. , 2001 ) ; misss are more likely to describe being label of rumor administering and sexual re mark ( Nansel et al. , 2001 ) . Girls are besides more likely than male childs to bully to each one other utilizing societal exclusion ( Olweus, 2002 ) . ( start out: unicef Malaysia communications, 2007 )\r\nThe toughs and the victims \r\nBesides the traditional travels of bully, victim, and not involved, a figure of surveies have examined the state of individualized matters of bully-victims or provocative or aggressive victims. Children demoing features of both bully and victim. Not surprisingly, a figure of surveies suggest that these childs are more at hazard than either saturated toughs or pure victims ( Duncan, 1999 ; Wolkeet al. , 2000 ) . The toughs unremarkably tend to patronise norm or steep ego esteem. They possessed with unprompted and tempestuous treated features. They lack of empathy and they do restrict troubles in obeying the regulations, the most of import things is they have this positive military situations towards force ( Olweus, 1993 ) .\r\nWho are the marks for the toughs? Bullies will ever cognize who their marks are. They will choose their quarry by judging their marks. Normally victims are in little sizes, nerdy book worm looks, weak and low ego regard. The consequence of stron g-arming on the victims is traumatising. It will do the pupil safe bread and buttering phobia towards school. They dare non and afraid of change of location to school. School is a incubus for them and this resulted nix refer on their emotional. They ab initio broken their involvement in school ‘s activities and plants, poor public unveilings in surveies, hapless attendings, and temper swing such as depression, isolated from the others, and limited contact with other people.\r\nEffectss of strong-arming\r\nâ€Å" Emotionally, victims of strong-arming frequently suffer whole stepings of great attenuate and f even off whenever they are in school. ” ( descent: unicef Malaysia communications, 2007 ) Most of the victim will make the incrimination on themselves for the intimidation actions, and they accept that it is their failing or incompetency that contributes to them being picked on by the toughs. â€Å" some(prenominal) victims of strong-arming seaport int ense anger and resentment towards toughs and the societal coteries that condone and support strong-arming behaviour. ” ( generator: unicef Malaysia communications,2007 ) If this choler unable to resolutenesss, the victims will stop up strong-arming others to avenge and show their choler, and these are classify as bully-victims. Others might show their cholers such as anti-social behaviour. They may turn up to be hooliganism and larceny.\r\nBesides, it might take to suicidal effort. Bullying can take to suicidal effort as all important(p) strong-arming behaviour can do a victim to take the suicidal way to stop the agony. Bullying can come to a kid ‘s larn office. In disposition to hold a quality instruction, a kid should hold explore in a safe, safe(p) and high quality surround for them. These can assist them accommodate into a break up acquisition environment and physically, emotionally and intellectually healthy. On the other manus, while under the menace of being injury and humiliation, a kid can neer able to carry through their academic potency. duration in societal accomplishments, they are tend to be isolated from the others, n go away to be low ego regard. wishing of communications and interactions with their equals will do the conditions even worst for them. This may consequences that instance strong-arming get down quickly among the pupils.\r\nFactors of act uponing intimidation behaviors\r\n strength\r\nGuerra and Nucci ( 1992 ) found out that broken-down pupils showed a lower goal to leave lesson issues as incorrect and harmful than their non delinquent equals, and they considered moral issue as a affair of personal pick. ( Kim, Su-Jeong ( 2004 ) : A app prefer of face-to-face and environmental Factors Influencing Bullying. Dissertation, LMU Munchen: mental faculty of psychological science and educational Sciences ) . This has shows that the fundamental of the individual ‘s personality and attitude influence th eir behavior. A kid who are holding belligerency in attitude will croak headlong and foolhardy. This shows that they unable to operate their behaviors delinquent to their attitude that has rooted deep in them. â€Å" Therefore, it is expected that higher positive attitude toward aggression predicts higher bully inclination ” ( parentage: Kim, Su-Jeong ( 2004 ) : A mickle of ad hominem and environmental Factors Influencing Bullying. Dissertation, LMU Munchen: faculty of psychology and educational Sciences )\r\ncivilizations and environment\r\nThe civilizations and the school environment plays an of import go in act uponing intimidation in schools. The schools environment and the civilizations in the school conveying a immense impact on act uponing pupils involve in school intimidation. If the school ‘s civilizations in school intimidation has been brought from coevals to coevals, school intimidation in this school rather important and this is the old geezer concern that school intimidation occurs and unresolved yet. Students easy influenced by a group of people especially their seniors from higher signifier. Peoples, who have individualist beliefs, are inclined to be personal oriented. ( beginning: Kim, Su-Jeong ( 2004 ) : A Survey of Personal and Environmental Factors Influencing Bullying. Dissertation, LMU Munchen: Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences ) .\r\nThe environment around the school is of import. If the environment in the school is tensed and edgy which full phase of the moon of toughs, pupils tend to be losing their learning and failed to trust rasionally. Students tend to be either predating the intimidation behavior or go on enduring under this bad circumstance.\r\nFamily\r\nFamily members be to be the most influential party. The kinship between parents and their childs and the fashion they parenting will act upon kids ‘s societal behaviour. â€Å" A conflictive, low temperature and rejecting rarin g modality leads to a inadequateness of consideration for others â€Å" ( Shaffer, 1994 ) . The attitude of the parents rooted in the kid ‘s head and this may consequences how the kid will move in the hereafter. Fraczek and Kirwil ( 1992 ) found out the kids holding the parents, who emphasis on the accomplishment and competition, tended to be more aggressive than the other kids. ( beginning: Kim, Su-Jeong ( 2004 ) : A Survey of Personal and Environmental Factors Influencing Bullying. Dissertation, LMU Munchen: Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences )\r\nIn a household, parents are the most of import bit in educate their kid in a proper manners. Parent ‘s values and beliefs are of import factors to dissemble the kid ‘s values and beliefs. Parents interchange societal norms and values to the following coevals through direct direction and in vicarious manner. ( beginning: Kim, Su-Jeong ( 2004 ) : A Survey of Personal and Environmental Factors Influencin g Bullying. Dissertation, LMU Munchen: Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences )\r\nego orders\r\nSelf perceptual experiences linked to contrasting perceptual experiences from different angles. There are three boss perceptual experiences involved in school intimidation. The victim ‘s positions, Harmonizing to anterior surveies ( Kim, 1997: Kwag, & A ; Lee, 1999 ) , most of victims did non cognize why they were bullied. They have the thought which they are excessively bashful and does nt hold any close friends. Some of victims regarded their bad school class and toughs ‘ wickedness as the ground of intimidation ( Kim, 1997 ; Schaefer, 1998 ) . ( beginning: Kim, Su-Jeong ( 2004 ) : A Survey of Personal and Environmental Factors Influencing Bullying. Dissertation, LMU Munchen: Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences )\r\n eyepatch in toughs ‘ positions, they are either manner excessively superior to the others or they are confined and feeling unstable. Mostly toughs who are superior ever choose their weak victims as their marks. While those toughs who are insecure ever toughs to acquire attending and indispensable friends to environ them. Beside of them, parents ‘ house, retaliation and victim ‘s bad school public presentation were selected as the ground of intimidation. ( beginning: Kim, Su-Jeong ( 2004 ) : A Survey of Personal and Environmental Factors Influencing Bullying. Dissertation, LMU Munchen: Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences )\r\nWhile bystanders are those who either could be a victim or non. They thought that victim ‘s behaviors largely is the ground that being bullied. As for the toughs, they bullied to derive strength and they merely behaves like the others. ( beginning: Kim, Su-Jeong ( 2004 ) : A Survey of Personal and Environmental Factors Influencing Bullying. Dissertation, LMU Munchen: Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences )\r\nWayss to control the job\r\nTe hank errs\r\nTeachers play a captious function in administrate the pupils so that they do the right things. Therefore, by utilizing the instruction assignments and undertakings on a hebdomadal or monthly footing, can get up the pupils in making the right things. As a instructor, pupils ‘ safety is the chief concern. School intimidation can be doing problems and jobs for the instructors. Teachers have to do a base that strong-arming is non tolerated and acceptable in schoolroom, schools and all over. Teachers have to as veritable that if anyone in the school has a job with intimidation, they essential describe or hold personal talk with the instructor. Teachers must allow the pupils deal that they can be trusted and guarantee their safety. Teachers should take action instantly one time witnesses instance strong-arming in his or her presence. Besides tolerateing valueions and conterminous actions, instructors are responsible in educate the pupils about the school intimida tion. The enormousness of anti-bullying in school and terrible penalties will offer if blustery happen around the school compound. Teachers should put a serious illustration and be a function theoretical handbill among the pupils. Students tend to detect and copy instructors ‘ behaviors. Teachers should ever allow a kid feel loved, appreciated and respected. Besides, instructors should advance a sacramental manduction and loving civilization among the pupils.\r\nSchool\r\nSchools play a critical function efficaciously to cut down intimidation by developing a safe and verifying school environment ; School should climb the sentience among the pupils, instructors, parents and the populace every bit good. School ‘s authorization should offer come apart supervising during deferral and dejeuner hr by instructors. Meanwhile, consistent and immediate effects for aggressive behaviour must take topographic point. School should hike the populace and offer generous exto lment for pro-social and helpful behaviour by pupils. Besides, school authorization should outline out a specific category regulations which against intimidation. If school observe instance strong-arming around the school country, earnest single negotiations with toughs and with victims must take topographic point. Other than that, serious negotiations with parents of toughs and victims are real of import. School should ever update the pupils ‘ intelligence to their parents and forestall the jobs together. Last, a meeting of the school with parent-teacher ( place and school ) organisation on the subject of strong-arming should keep one time a piece to understand and happen solutions for bars.\r\nParents\r\nParents play a critical function in prevents and kerb school intimidation. A loving and caring household ever can demo support to the kid. Parents should raise the consciousness among themselves in order to protect their kid from danger. Everyone has the work in take a crap outing the job. Parents are encouraged to cooperate with the school instantly to do received their kid is safe. Parents should educate the values and the right things to the kid. Parent ‘s attitude and ways in conveying up the kid determined the kid either to be a utile individual or a bully in the society. Parents should seek to pass on with their kid, understand them, hear to their feelings and happen the major job in their kid. If the kid is timid, deficiency of interactions with equals, parents should set up their kid to take part in positive societal groups which able to transmit into his or her involvements. In order to develop their kid ‘s particular accomplishments and self assurance in the societal group can be really helpful. Parents should work manus in manus with school by proposing that the school to implement an anti-bullying plan.\r\nMedia\r\nHow media can play a portion in prevent school intimidation in schools? Media play a critical function in p revents school intimidation. Ads should able to raise the consciousness among the populace. After all, media is the best manner to convey the messages and consciousness towards the populace. Besides, Television, films and videogames are the chief beginnings in influences the childs and carry more verbal and physical force. In order to keep the duty among the populace, media literacy seems to be a good manner to forestall force among the kid. Media should hold censoring on force issues on the television, films and picture games. Besides, by raising the consciousness among the populace through the wireless Stationss, newspapers articles and streamers. Besides, earnings is one of the engineering media that can break up a word through the web to the whole universe broad. In joined States, they set up an anti-bullying web site which include information on instructors ‘ function, schools ‘ function, victims and bystanders ‘ function. It include ways to forestall and ho w to halt the strong-arming spread in schools or around them.\r\n opening in sociology of instruction that connected in this issue.\r\nThe sociology of instruction is a survey on the function and the relationship between the society and instruction, and the relationship between the chief aims and procedure Research and development in instruction. Besides, it included the relationship between the public establishments, unearthly and political facets in instruction field. There are three chief theories were introduced in this survey, the functionalism, struggle and symbolic interactionism. In this subject, the instance of school intimidation is a societal issue that associated with physical force behaviour which is consider easy under certain conditions, such as poorness, racial or aggressive cholers or household influences.\r\n to a lower place Conflicts theory, the chief laminitis is Karl Marx â€Å" the Communist manifesto ” emphasizes on the societal position or societal l ife in the society, the materialist of score and the subjugation of economic from revolution or, at least, reform. In this theory there is something analogous that related to strong-arming. The instability of the societal position that raises struggles in the society. So as in school, the pupils form themselves a hierarchy system harmonizing to their academic potency. This shows that â€Å" societal position ” among the school childs. The higher position or so called the high intelligent childs will command the lower position citizens. They will ache the childs through verbally, physically and emotionally to derive their position and strength or protagonists.\r\nIn Karl Marx ‘s theory is that the economic turn of events in society leads to political subjugation. As in history, people make usage of their economic position to derive the control among the people in the hierarchy. The economic structure of society includes the thoughts of political orientations, moralit y, literature and humanitarian disciplines. From the history, reflects on what is go oning in the school now. School strong-arming someway derives from the history. How the toughs uses their strength or position power to derive cunning force and power in suppressing the weakest links.\r\nWhile in the educational angle to see this theory, the function of the school seems like is the topographic point to make the societal position hierarchy among the society. Schools which adapted this attack usually is a school of elites. They emphasizes on the importance of societal position and positives competitions among the pupils. The school is reign by the elect group, as for the incompetency pupils or comes from the lower category in the hierarchy will stay as the low category citizens. The school will ever prioritise the elect groups. The school intimidation starts and will stay as a civilization here, as the school precedence is the elect groups and they emphasizes on societal position. The instructors are playing a critical function here. Although the civilization and environment in the school encourages strong-arming indirectly, instructors should put a function theoretical account to avoid negatives competitions and malicious, practical mean behavior among the pupils.\r\nThe theory that applies in some certain school shows that this attack encourages competitions between one and another. In order to take down one and another, to turn out that the winning, position and strength. There are critics on this attack shows that it does non keep the constancy among the society. In instruction field, no affair which approach the school adapts ; the function of the school should ever supply the quality instruction manual and academic feelings to a kid.DrumheadSchool intimidation occurs everyplace in this universe. In United States, pupils who are under depression resulted of intimidation were choosing for self-destructive effort to stop these average behavior. The inte nt for pupils to travel to school is to obtain complete shelfs, acquisition and be a better individual who can lend to the society.The factors that lead to school strong-arming occur in school chiefly because of influences. Influences from the equals force per unit area, influences from the society, and influences from the household, influences from the school and environment, and the civilizations are directed to the incidents and effects of instance intimidation.The chief functions in kerb the jobs ever arouse with the instructors, the schools, the parents, the media, and the society. Everyone has the duties to get the better of this job. Everyone has the duty to control this job and to cut down the hazard in aching the kid.Research on the statistics of school intimidation in Malaysia harmonizing to a statistics gathered by the Center for dependency and Mental Health, approximately one in three pupils in signifier 1-5 describe been bullied at school, non merely merely at the re sort area, but the hallways, corridors, lavatories and every nook in the school. Now, the latest toughs ‘ technique is by utilizing the latest engineering. They use internet, trial messages, electronic mails and cyberspace poster to societal webs ; to intimidate their marks.\r\n'

'Adolescence and Teenage Pregnancy\r'

'Here in the Philippines, we believe in the saying of our bailiwick hero Dr. Jose P. Rizal that â€Å"Y forbiddenh is the hope of our arrive land”. In their hand lies the time to come generation to follow. But as we foresee from the berth at present, what were expecting from the y push throughh is the contrary if the saying. Teen progressrs argon prone to gestation period. Al near e real division there is a rapid ontogenesis on the effect of pregnant youths.One of the analyze caexercisings of this problem be that most of the youths nowadays grew up in broken homes. P atomic number 18nts either the father or mother of the youths chose to tole identify their chel ben behind because of the fact that they can non handle whateverto a greater achievement their obligation as p arnts. In notification to this problem, our government is now make foring on the Reproductive Health Bill (RH Bill) as one of the most effective issue not only to teen mount up senescedage motherliness but also to the turn magnitude tribe of our country.Statement of the ProblemThis ingest answers the following questions:1. At what age did you become intern bothy spry? 2. What is your incumbent situation with gestation? 3. Was the gestation plotted? 4. Did you ever think of aborting the baby? 5. How would you prise the following from its substantiality: condoms, pills, morning-after pill, other conceptive methods, STIS and STDS? 6. Do you know the where more or lesss of your local anaesthetic family prep clinic? Did you know this before you got pregnant? 7. Do you know of anywhere in your local argona where free condoms are uncommitted to new(a)er couples? 8. As a teen age mother, how do you plan to foul your child’s financial ineluctably? 9. Are you or your partner currently working? If yes, where do you see yourself in terms of occupation? 10. Can you deliver the goods financially, physically, emotionally and mentally your current situat ion? 11. Do you gloss over continue to ope roam your education? 12. Do the bulk rough you respect your current situation at such unexampled age? import of the StudyThis study is significance for the following cereb regulates:a.Enhancement of people’s association on exit of students indulged in Teenage Pregnancy in Philippines. b.Increase the awareness and knowledge on the increasing number of immature pregnancy cases. c.To be competent for them to absorb and reflect the effects and problems attached in teen pregnancy. d.To religious service prevent from indulging from this archaean pregnancy.Teenagers †they are the ones touch in this case. They could be helped by means of the informative content of this study. They could realize the minus effects of teen pregnancy and how it could change their whole life. Society †it could lessen the division of single parenthood among the participation. It could orient family members on how adolescent pregnanc y can strickle the family most especially the teens. Sources of Contraceptive materials †they whitethorn expect an increase in regard due to the awareness of the insubstantials on acquire pregnant at an other(a) age Local Government †they could be able to implement and facilitate intercommunicates concerning the rate of teenage pregnancy issue.They could be able to date the deeper cause of this inflating rate of early pregnancy. connection Members †they could build a strong chemical bond against teenage pregnancy and they could be a more(prenominal) productive part of the community in terms of cooperating in the union Parents †they could expect a better proximo and a progressive and a more valuable and worthy support to their sons and daughters. Non-Government arranging †they could more stabilize their goals on this orbit and comply an efficient purpose on execution of ideas from which this study focuses. They could be more sufficient in terms of project planning and data analysis of amicable factors of teenage pregnancy. Others †they would get a broader knowledge on how the teenage pregnancy work in the society.Scope and Delimitations of the StudyThis investigation is conducted to determine the rate of teenage students that is engaged in teenage pregnancy. This way, we could determine the term and profile of the teenager indulged in teenage pregnancy The aspects looked into were the decimal information of number of teen aged students indulged in teenage pregnancy and the data behind this. This investigation focuses on number of teen age students indulged in teenage pregnancy in Philippines portrayed by teenagers as respondents during January to February 2011 Definitions of TermsTeenage pregnancy †refers to any pregnancy on women that as well ask put down between the ages 13â€19 categorys grey-headed. Teen aged Students †refers to students that ages a number that end in â€Å"teen” as the last syllable such as13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19 .Rate †refers to a quantity from a recent quantity STIS †refers to Sexually inherited Infections STDS †refers to Transmitted DiseasesBibliographyCHAPTER II-REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATUREThe purpose of this role of the study is to provide a retrospect of relevant literature that focuses on questions connect to teenage pregnancy. The Introduction to this study offered an overview of the extent of the problem, its effects and outcomes, and a conceptual mannequin in which I t was insist that match haul to begin raiseual natural action coupled with low egotism may very well be instrumental in placing some young girls at risk for pregnancy during adolescence.Statistical methodsThe devil outcomes were pregnancy rate, a proxy for concept rate, and pregnancy outcome. Both outcomes were mea certain(predicate)d at the level of small area and were canvas for each of three age groups, 13-15, 16-17, and 18-19 year s, base on the maternal age at conception. Pregnancy rates in 16-17 and 18-19 year olds were expressed as the ratio of observed to anticipate pregnancies, in raise to regulate for marital status. The expected number of pregnancies was derived by applying interior(a) rates in married and unwed teenagers to local married and unmarried populations, then adding the results to obtain a total.The expected number of pregnancies in 13-15 year olds in each area was derived from the total national rate. Pregnancy outcome was expressed as the simile of conceptions resulting in a maternity; outcomes classed as miscarriage and other were excluded. This proportion was calculated separately for married and unmarried teenagers in each age group. I considered marital status to be an definitive indicator of the cultural background of young women, although in some cases conception would feature preceded marriage.CONTRIBUTING FACTORSCauses or Effect? The burdens of early childbirth on d isadvantaged teens are undeniable. arduous to untangle the factors which contribute to teenage pregnancy from its effects, however, leads to a â€Å"which came first, the chicken or the freak?” dilemma. Educational failure, poverty, unemployment and low self-esteem are understood to be negative outcomes of early childbearing. These circumstances also contribute to the likelihood of teen pregnancy. For example, recent studies suggest that most adolescent mothers urinate already dropped out of instill before they become pregnant. On the other hand, adolescents still enrolled in school when they give birth are as apparent to graduate as their peers. It is not clear how well the adolescents with the most problems would apply fared in the future even without early parenthood.Following are some of the contributing factors or causes of teenage pregnancy: 1) Lack of agnate Guidance: Most people table their children from talking nearly shake up. In some cases, they provide f alse information regarding sex and discourage their children to participate in any informative discussion somewhat sex. In some cases, teenage mothers are not well educated about sex before getting pregnant and thence this leads to overleap of communication between the parents and the children.2) jejune Sexual Behavior: Among the adolescents, peer pressure is a major factor that encourages the teenage boys and girls to indulge in sexual activities. primaeval dating, as early as 12 years of age, is another factor that contributes to teen pregnancy. 3) Inadequate Knowledge about honorable Sex: Most adolescents are unaware of safe sex. They probably have no access to the traditional methods of preventing pregnancy. And the main reason behind is that they are either too embarrassed or fear to judge information about it.4) Exploitation by Older Men: This is another major factor that contributes to pregnancy among the teenagers. Those girls who date elder men are more likely to become pregnant before they pee womanhood. Rape, sexual exploitations etc. also  let ins place that leads to unwanted pregnancy among teenage girls. 5) Socio sparing Factors: Teenage girls who belong to the poor families are more likely to become pregnant. interrogationers have found that even in the actual countries teenage pregnancy occurs most unremarkably among the deprived sections.CHAPTER III-METHODOLOGYResearch DesignThe study being conducted is a descriptive research. It includes the collection of data ask to answer the question concerning the current status of the study.Research Respondents The respondents of this research study are the womanish teen age students that are engaged in teenage pregnancy at Philippines. This study is conducted at Philippines where the study focuses to aspirate the statistical data of teenage pregnancy. This study is conducted in January-February 2011.Research InstrumentsThe researchers used a self-structured questionnaire. The quest ionnaire is all about the background of the information about the pregnancy of the teenager. It is structured as to talent scout the respondent in reflecting and understanding her situation.Validation of Research InstrumentThe research instrument was submitted to our Research professor to correct and finalize the questionnaire. Hence, there was no dry run conducted due to lack of time.Method of Scoring and InterpretationIn analyzing the data gathered though the questionnaire, the researcher utilized the following: On the age of the teen aged womanly student that started to become sexually active Mean Range Interpretation 10 yrs. old and below too tike 11-15 years old early adolescent 16 †19 years old late adolescent.CHAPTER V-SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONSThis chapter presents the summary, conclusions, recommendations found on the findings on the study.SUMMARYThis study aim to know the rate of teenage pregnancy in Philippines. Specifically, the desire answers a bout the profile of female person higher(prenominal) school students in terms of the age when they became sexually active, current situation in her pregnancy, how the pregnancy was doneâ€planned or not, thought of aborting the baby, rate of substantiality of prophylactic materials, effects of teenage pregnancy in the teen’s health, knowledge about the availability of free condoms, how to support the child’s financial needs, partner’s occupational status, management of the situation, pursuance of education, and the hauteur and respect of the teen’s affable community. The female high school students of ages 12-18 were involved in this study as the respondents.Questionnaires were disseminated to the female high school students in Philippines. The study used the descriptive method of research since it was the most appropriate method to use that a self-structured questionnaire was used as a valuable tool in conference data from the respondents. The resu lts of the survey were tabulated and their acquired data was statistically analyzed and interpreted in order for the researcher to come up with a better conclusion.CONCLUSIONSThe following conclusions were formulated based on the findings of the study and are presented. 1.The rate of teenage pregnancy in Philippines is very much alarming. It has been observed that the rate of teenage pregnancy is increasing because of curiosity and peer pressure. 2. Most female are sexually active at the age of 11-15.3. Teenagers who are engaged at teenage pregnancy mostly are drop out of school. 4. Teenagers are engaged in this activity due to lack of knowledge about the consequence they are about to face. 5. Teenagers still depend on their parents.6. They don’t know what kind of occupation they provide have.RECOMMENDATIONSBased on the conclusions on the study, the following recommendations are hereby presented. 1.Every man and woman has the full to decide what he/she will take on his life . Just be sure that you can stand all the consequences in your every action. 2.Teenage pregnancy is not an low-cal thing. You should have the knowledge about this and be aware that it has dangerous effects on a teenager’s life. 3.There is no hindrance in anticipating in this situation.\r\n'

'Friedrich Froebel, Founder of Kindergarten Essay\r'

'Friedrich Froebel was a German educator of the nineteenth century who verit able an Idealist philosophy of earlier churlishness tuition. He pretended kindergarten and tuition for quartet and five- family- old(a) children. Kindergarten is now a wear of erudition worldwide. Friedrich Froebel was born in the sm altogether t featureshipship of Oberwiessbach, Germany in 1782. His m opposite died when he was a baby. His father remarried, but Froebel never desire his stepmother. His feeling of rejection and isolation remained with him for life. This had a hard effect on his theory of ahead of time puerility reading.\r\nHe believed the kindergarten t distributivelyer should be loving, kind and motherly. Froebel also had an unsatisfactory kind with his father which, along with his shyness, ca apply him to be â€Å" introspective and companionablely inept” (Gutek, 2005, p. 261). Therefore, he observed his kindergarten to â€Å"foster a sentiency of turned on(p) security and self-esteem in children” (Gutek, 2005, p. 261). At the get along of ten, Froebel went to live with his uncle. As a unseas integrityd child, Froebel spent a potful of fourth dimension instituteing in the garden close to his home. This led to his love of spirit and had a profound effect on his commandal philosophy.\r\nWhen he was fifteen age old, Froebel apprenticed with a forester and surveyor and acquire forestry, geometry and surveying in train. He briefly attended the University of Jena from 1800-1802. Then he examine architecture at capital of Kentucky University. Although he ended his studies without receiving a degree, Froebel gained a sense of artistic perspective and symmetry he later ingestiond to design his kindergarten â€Å"gifts” and â€Å"occupations. ” plot of land in Frankfurt Froebel was hired as a teacher at the Frankfurt Model take, which was a Pestalozzian indoctrinate. He examine the Pestalozzi governance of instruction which emphasized exploitation objects to teach.\r\nHis method rejected the exercise of corporal punishment and emphasized respecting the dignity of children. This method of teaching very much appealed to Froebel. Froebel cute to incorporate Pestalozzi’s method and basis of a loving and gear up surroundings for children in his own teaching methods. subsequently(prenominal) teaching at the Model School for common chord years, Froebel studied with Pestalozzi for two to a groovyer extent years Froebel also decided to study languages and science at the University of G? ttingen. He wanted to identify linguistic structures that could be used in language instruction.\r\nDuring this time he became very interested in geology and mineralogy, and also pursued this in his studies. Froebel believed that the action of cryst wholeization (moving from the simple to the complex) emulated a â€Å" world-wide cosmic law that also governed tender-hearted growth and gro wth” (Net Industries, 2008, Biography section, ¶ 3). He would later incorporate the geometric shapes and formations in crystals to pee-pee his kindergarten â€Å"gifts. ” In 1816, Froebel started a prepare in Griesheim called the Universal German educational Institute. He enrolled students who were 7 years old or older.\r\nThe school in the end locomote to Keilhau. The school remained undefendable until 1829 when it struggled and was forced to close. However, Froebel was able to test and develop some of his educational ideas in his school. In 1818 Froebel married Henrietta Hoffmeister. She dual-lane Froebel’s love of children and assisted in his educational work until her death. Froebel formal an educational institute at Wartenese in 1831. Later, he was invited to establish an orphanage at Burgdorf. present he conducted a school for the town children and a boarding school for those who lived away.\r\nHe trained teachers and established a nursery school for 3 and 4 year olds. He developed songs, rhymes, games, physical exercises and other activities for the nursery school. He experimented with the objects and other materials that eventually became his kindergarten gifts. He also stressed fetch and its role in education. In 1837, at the age of 55, Froebel relocated to Blankenburg and established a newborn type of school for early puerility education. He called it â€Å"kindergarten,” or â€Å"the children’s garden” (Smith, 1999, ¶ 5).\r\nThis word ex wished Froebel’s vision for early childhood education: â€Å"Children argon like tiny flowers; they are varied and need care, but each is beautiful alone and glorious when seen in the community of peers” (Smith, 1999, ¶ 6). He used play, songs, stories, and activities to establish an educational surroundings in which children, by their own act, could learn and develop. According to Froebel, this meant that children, in their development, wou ld learn to follow the â€Å"divinely established laws of human growth by their own activity” (Net Industries, 2008, Biography section, ¶ 5).\r\nThis is where he used his kindergarten gifts and occupations. â€Å"Gifts were objects Froebel believed had special symbolic potential. Occupations were the raw materials children could use in drawing and building activities that allowed them to peg down their ideas” (Gutek, 2005, p. 265). Froebel became famous as an early childhood educator in Germany and by 1848, cardinal kindergartens were operating in Germany. Froebel began training young women as kindergarten teachers. Kindergarten achieved its greatest influence in the United States.\r\nIt was brought to America by the Germans after the European Revolution of 1848. Kindergartens appeared wherever on that point was a volumed concentration of German immigrants. Henry Barnard, the initiatory United States Commissioner of grooming, introduced Froebel’s kinde rgarten into educational literature in the 1850’s by including it in the American ledger of Education, of which he was the editor. He also recommended to congress that a general school system be established for the District of capital of South Carolina that would include kindergartens. In 1873, William Torrey Harris established a kindergarten at a school in St.\r\nLouis, Missouri and incorporated it into the public school system. This event led to more public schools incorporating kindergartens into their systems. level offtually, Harris became the U. S. Commissioner of Education and he continued to press for the incorporation of kindergartens into public school systems end-to-end the United States. Before Froebel started his kindergarten, children under the age of seven did not attend school as it was believed that these young children did not book the ability to develop the cognitive and stirred skills needed to learn in a school environment.\r\nHowever, Froebel beli eved in early childhood education: â€Å"because learning begins when consciousness erupts, education must also” (Pioneers, 2000, ¶ 7). In his book, Education of Man, Froebel states the idealist themes of his philosophy: â€Å"(1) all humanity originates in and with theology; (2) humans experience an inherent spiritual essence that is the snappyise life force that causes development; (3) all beings and ideas are interconnected parts of a grand, ordered, and systematic universe” (Net Industries, 2008, Froebel’s Kindergarten ism section, ¶ 1).\r\nThis is what Froebel based his work on, claiming that each child had an â€Å"internal spiritual essence †a life force” (Net Industries, 2008, Froebel’s Kindergarten doctrine section, ¶ 1). This life force seeks to be manifested through self-activity. He also believed that â€Å"child development follows the doctrine of preformation, the unfolding of that which was present latently in th e individual” (Net Industries, 2008, Froebel’s Kindergarten Philosophy section, ¶ 1).\r\nFroebel’s kindergarten created a special educational environment in which this self-activity and development occurred. Froebel used his kindergarten gifts, occupations, tender and cultural activities, and especially play to labor this self-activity. Froebel also believed that children were to learn that they were members of â€Å"a great universal, spiritual community” (Gutek, 2005, p. 266). Thus the use of games and social activities. According to Froebel, play was native to educating the young child.\r\nHe believed that through sweet with the world, understanding would develop. That is why play was so critical †it is a creative activity through which children become aware of their commit in the world and the world around them. Education was to be based on each child’s interests and spontaneous activity. The kindergarten teacher’s job was t o create an environment that would stimulate the child’s development. She was also to create a safe, secure environment that prevented anything from disturbing this process.\r\nIt was essential to the kindergarten children’s progress that the teacher did not incapacitate the child’s free play and individuality. Each child would learn what he was realize to learn when he was ready to learn it. As Froebel states: â€Å"Education in instruction and training, originally and in its first principles, should necessarily be passive, following (only guarding and protecting), not prescriptive, categorical, interfering” (Sniegoski, 1994, p. 8). Froebel believed the kindergarten should have a beautiful physical environment.\r\nHe recommended the use of an next garden or a bright painted room with plants, animals and pictures. This should also be a prepared environment which would get out the teacher with the proper tools which the teacher felt would be most be neficial to the learning environment. And instead of traditional books, the kindergarten should teach employ geometrical play objects of different shapes, sizes and colors (â€Å"gifts”). He also believed in symbol and that if a child played with the â€Å"gifts,” they would helper the child to understand fundamental truths. Froebel’s gifts consisted of:\r\n half-dozen soft colored balls; a wooden sphere, cube, and cylinder; a sizeable cube carve up into eight littler cubes; a adult cube divided into eight oblong blocks; a large cube divided into twenty-one substantial, six half, and twelve quarter cubes; a large cube divided into eighteen whole oblongs with three divided lengthwise and three divided breadthwise; quadrangular and angulate tablets used for arranging figures; sticks for outlining figures; wire go for outlining figures; various materials for drawing, perforating, embroidering, paper cutting, weaving or braiding, paper folding, modeling, an d interlacing.\r\n(Net Industries, 2008, The Kindergarten Curriculum section, ¶ 1). Also, Froebel designed â€Å"occupations” to be used in the kindergarten. These allowed more immunity and were things that children could shape and manipulate. Examples of â€Å"occupations” are string, sand, clay, and beads. As always, on that point was an underlying meaning in all that was done in Froebel’s kindergarten. â€Å"Even clean up time was seen as a reminder to the child of God’s plan for moral and social order” (Nichols, n.\r\nd. , Occupations section, ¶ 1). Froebel’s careful study of the nature of children and their part in the world continues to be of great importance, as it opened a door to a new world in childhood education. Froebel given up importance to what â€Å"originated in children, not and what adults gave them to do or learn” (Sniegoski, 1994, p. 15). He also discovered the educational value of play and the use of ne w non-book, active materials in teaching children.\r\nFroebel provided a â€Å"theoretic basis for early childhood education that recognized stages of intellectual growth” (Sniegoski, 1994, p. 15). The one aspect of Froebel’s theories that has disappeared for the most part is the mysterious symbolism that overcastted his educational philosophy. However, his ideals of dismissal children to develop according to their own interests and postulate and giving them a bright, playful, nurturing environment in which to learn remains an important and vital part of early childhood education today.\r\nReferences Gutek, Gerald Lee. (2005). Friedrich Froebel: Founder of the kindergarten. In Historical and philosophic foundations of education: a biographical foot (4th ed. ) (pp. 256-273). Upper Sadle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Lucas, Bill. (2005, October 24). Studying the origination of kindergarten. In Boxes and Arrows: The Design Behind the Design, July, 2008. Retrieve d July 12, 2008, from http://www. boxesandarrows. com/ depend/studying_the_creation_of_kindergarten. Net Industries. (2008).\r\nFriedrich Froebel (1782-1852): Biography, Froebel’s kindergarten philosophy, the kindergarten curriculum, diffusion of the kindergarten. In Education Encyclopedia. Retrieved July 10, 2008, from http://education. stateuniversity. com/pages/1999/ Froebel-Friedrich-1782-1852. html. Nichols, Rachel. (n. d. ). Friedrich Froebel: Founder of the first kindergarten. Retrieved July 11, 2008 from http://hubpages. com/hub/ Friedrich-Froebel-Founder-of-the-First-Kindergarten. Pioneers in our field: Friedrich Froebel: Founder of the first kindergarten [Electronic version].\r\n(2000). bookworm: Early Childhood Today, August, 2000. Retrieved July 11, 2008 from http://www2. scholastic. com/browse/article. jsp? id=3442. Smith, condition K. (1997). Friedrich Froebel. Retrieved July 12, 2008 from http://www. infed. org/thinkers/et-froeb. htm. Sniegoski, Stephen. (1994 ). Froebel and early childhood education in America. Retrieved July 12, 2008 from the Educational Resources Information Center meshing site: http://www. eric. ed. gov/ERICDOCS/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/ 00000196/80/14/19/02. pdf.\r\n'

'Health Promotion Proposal Essay\r'

'The aim of this break down was to develop and evaluate hindrance for measure of depression and agency purpose in children of depressed p bents. Two interventions, hotshot for depression, and one for heart and soul pulmonary tuberculosis were officed. Based on the results of questionnaires almost join physical exertion beliefs, family depression, and header skills, a syllabus was developed to foresee adolescent depression and aggregate use by strengthening parenting and family relationships and to make positive(p) changes easier for children. This denomination is relevant to my proposal, and I impart most potential use it later. It uses lyric that should be able to be mute by the targeted earr separately, and reiterates what past enquiry has set in motion. Hassan, I., & adenosine monophosphate; Ali, R. (2011). The association amongst physical symptoms, dread disorders and marrow squash use. A belles-lettres look into. psychiatrical Quarterly, 82(4), 315-3 28.\r\nThis name focaliseed on the combine between somatic symptoms and substance use. Those with anxiousness disorders as hale as were substance users, barely the national was ambivalent, stating that some depression symptoms may make water made the results surd to discern. The oblige was enigmatical to me, and most likely would be difficult for the layperson to decipher as well. It also states that substance use may be a precursor for anxiety which set ahead complicates infrastanding. This name is non targeted for the audience I would be attempting to reach, and I most likely provide not use it in my proposal. It has some information that can be used for reference, however it is not scarce what I would be looking to use in my proposal. Meyer, J. P., Springer, S. A., & deoxyadenosine monophosphate; Altice, F. L. (2011). Substance demoralise, violence, and human immunodeficiency virus in women: A literature survey of the syndemic. diary of Women’s heal th (15409996), 20(7), 991-1006. This oblige in a Women’s Health Journal focuses on poor women and the barriers to medical checkup carry off that they face.\r\nThe authors who are medical doctors, for certain knowledgeable on the topic, speak of several(prenominal) issues that poor women have with accessing medical care; however substance use is mentioned as a contributing incidentor, not real the main problem. The information seems reliable, with statistics allowd from a recent survey. Some information from this implement may be used for my concluding proposal. Sheidow, A. J., McCart, M., Zajac, K., & angstrom unitere; Davis, M. (2012). Prevalence and impact of substance use among emerging adults with serious psychological health conditions. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 35(3), 235-243.\r\nThis phrase is about adults and how they function in connection while being impacted by substance use and serious intellectual health issues. It is an analysis of the c orrelation between adults who are impacted and those who are not, and reviews what the turn up consequences are for those adults moving forward into adulthood. The authors of this oblige have a wide prevail of experience in this topic and psychformer(a)apy. As peer reviewed journals and the most recent selective information was used, making it a reliable, trustworthy obtain. I exit use information obtained from this word for my proposal. Greenfield, L., & amp; Wolf-Branigin, M. (2009). genial health exponent interaction in predicting substance misuse hired manling outcomes in nevada. American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse, 35(5), 350-357.\r\nThis article reviews the indictors for predicting the outcome of substance use interference in Nevada. Upon reviewing admission and discharge data, indicators of co-occurring disorders were a DSM diagnosis of cordial health, alcohol, or former(a) drug horror, and a mental health agency referral. A large exemplification size wa s used to affirm reliability, with those under 18, and those entering detoxification removed for further robustness as only adults were to participate. The guinea pig found that those who had at to the lowest degree one mental health indicator reported high instances of substance use. The authors are experienced doctors on the topic of addictions, and Lawrence Greenfield has written at least two publications on the topic. I go forth use information from this article in my proposal. Wright, E., McGuiness, T., Moneyham, L. D., Schumacher, J. E., Zwerling, A., & Stullenbarger, N. (2012). Opioid outcry among nanny anesthetists and anesthesiologists. AANA Journal, 80(2), 120-128.\r\nThis is an provoke article that informs the audience about the preponderance of opiod abuse among healthcare providers. This is an historic event to consider, as anesthesiologists have a high risk for addiction, namely because of accessibility. This article is in-chief(postnominal) to research since substance use in the general population is tracked, but substance use in anesthesiologists is difficult to examine due to legal ramifications and under reporting. The authors who are nurses and CRNA’s know first hand how prevalent the issue is. They include FAAN nurses and other well established nurses who do a great job in addressing the pertinent issues of substance use in anesthesiologists. The fact that healthcare providers are the focus of the article means that I will not use much information from at heart this source. Morgan, M. L., Brosi, W. A., & Brosi, M. W. (2011).\r\nRestoring aged(a) adults’ narratives about self-importance and substance abuse. American Journal of Family Therapy, 39(5), 444-455. Discusses the older population and the challenges they face including substance abuse. It informs the audience of the assumptions that complicate the diagnosis and treatment of substance abuse for older adults. The authors of this article place cre dible, and the article is recent which gives thanks to Dr Sara ornament for her input. Dr Smock is Assistant Professor at Texas Tech University. The article will be useful for some information in my proposal as the community does include the older population as well the untried adults. Osborne, V. A., & Benner, K. (2012). Utilizing screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment: Teaching perspicacity of substance abuse. American Journal of open Health, 102(7), e37-8.\r\nThe article gives a detailed review of a study that used screening, intervention, and treatment referral with social graze schoolchilds. The students received training on each of these methods used to assess alcohol and substance use. It goes on to describe how the study evaluated the student’s perceptions about alcohol and substance use pre and post training. The authors both hold doctorates and are well versed in social work, and each written publications on substance abuse. Although the results of the study provide important conclusions regarding the benefit of screening by social workers, it is geared more towards social workers or social work students. I will not use this source in my proposal. righteousness of national drug operate policy evidence-based principles\r\nfor substance abuse embarrassion- Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/ondcppubs/publications/ hold open/evidence_based_eng.html\r\nThis article describes Evidence-Based Principles aimed at preventing substance abuse. The Office of National Drug Control insurance policy is required to create and fulfill research based prevention for substance abuse in the community and other settings. Interventions include targeting specific populations at high or low risk for abuse; using methods proven to work, intervening at transitional stages in people’s lives in the home, school, workplace, etc., and evaluating the program’s effectiveness by ensuring goals have been reached. No author was n amed, however the references used for prevention interventions were from reliable sources much(prenominal) as The National Institute on Drug Abuse and the US Dept of Education.\r\nThe focus of this article is relevant to my proposal; wherefore I will use this source in my final proposal. Community-based substance abuse prevention. (2010). Retrieved from http://www.asap revolve around.org/documents/Supporting%20Community-Based%20Substance%20Abuse%20Prevention.pdf This site provided information about a community health program in Cincinnati called The Health Foundation of great Cincinnati. To fulfill its goal of substance abuse prevention, and assist community groups, a center was created to provide training and grants for community groups. The article discusses and stresses the importance of prevention for all people, young and old, and the financial implications prevention has. The information from this article should be clear to lay persons, and will be useful for my proposal.\r \nReferences:\r\nMason, W. W., Haggerty, K., Fleming, A., & Casey-Goldstein, M. (2012). Family intervention to prevent depression and substance use among adolescents of depressed parents. Journal Of Child & Family Studies, 21(6), 891-905. Hassan, I., & Ali, R. (2011). The association between somatic symptoms, anxiety disorders and substance use. A literature review.\r\nPsychiatric Quarterly, 82(4), 315-328. Meyer, J. P., Springer, S. A., & Altice, F. L. (2011). Substance abuse, violence, and human immunodeficiency virus in women: A literature review of the syndemic. Journal Of Women’s Health (15409996), 20(7), 991-1006. Sheidow, A. J., McCart, M., Zajac, K., & Davis, M. (2012). Prevalence and impact of substance use among emerging adults with serious mental health conditions. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 35(3), 235-243. Greenfield, L., & Wolf-Branigin, M. (2009). Mental health indicator interaction in predicting substance abuse treatment outcome s in nevada. American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse, 35(5), 350-357. Wright, E., McGuiness, T., Moneyham, L. D., Schumacher, J. E., Zwerling, A., & Stullenbarger, N. (2012). Opioid abuse among nurse anesthetists and anesthesiologists. AANA Journal, 80(2), 120-128. Morgan, M. L., Brosi, W. A., & Brosi, M. W. (2011). Restoring older adults’ narratives about self and substance abuse. American Journal of Family Therapy, 39(5), 444-455. Osborne, V. A., & Benner, K. (2012). Utilizing screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment: Teaching assessment of substance abuse. American Journal of Public Health, 102(7), e37-8.\r\nOffice of national drug swear policy evidence-based principles\r\nfor substance abuse prevention- Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/ondcppubs/publications/prevent/evidence_based_eng.html Community-based substance abuse prevention. (2010). Retrieved from http://www.asapcenter.org/documents/Supporting%20Community-Based%20Substance%20A buse%20Prevention.pdf\r\n'

'Betta Value Stores\r'

'Betta value submits meeting report: The first gear issue in the meeting that we discussed was that at the store enterance, there are in like manner few shopping baskets, and any addressable trolleys are of the wrong type. The store has difficultys with persuading shoppers to tax return them to the trolley park at the briny entrance of the store. We had rather a ponder on this issue as Zara and Ahmed had quite strong in break upects. Ahmed had the idea of nectar points and that either time you put your trolley adventure you will get points on your card. And in the death you can trade your points for a item sold in the store.In the stopping point we decided that this would be too ofttimes of a hassle so instead we went with Zara’s idea. Which was to firstly buy more trolleys so there are destiny available but to buy the ones you contract to put a pound in. This expressive style people will return their trolleys so they can admit their pound back. We aspect a disadvantage for this would be that we would guard to replace each(prenominal) existing trolleys with ones which dumbfound s good deals for moneys. In the give the axe we decided this would be a good thing to grade in as it will be genuinely beneficial in the end. The southward issue that we discussed was that staff are seen to be unhelpful.That checkout time operators do non agnise the location of items, people are withal seen to be stacking shelves afterwards the store has undefendable for the public and that younger employees are impromptu with dealing with the public. For the solution of this first problem intimately people carry on stacking the shelves we came to a clean conclusion of started stacking shelves foregoing and for them to train to stack the shelves faster. The solution to the checkout operators we were torn between two. One idea was that we give a sheet of account to the checkout operators outlining where most of the goods in the store are locat ed.The other idea we had was that we demand a touch screen ready reckoner in which you type in the describe words of the item and it will tell you its location. We said that initi tout ensembley it would cost quite a bit but in the end it well be very beneficial. Thirdly we discussed the circumstance that most customers suggested that we should stretch a lot more operate rather then just sell household goods and groceries. Some services and facilities they suggested include having lottery kiosks, newspaper stalls, shoe repairs, property points etc.We had quite a debate about this but one thing we all agree at was that we would offer nigh of these services rather all of them and we agreed that this would be a top precedency as we would not want to escape customers to other businesses who provide these services. In the end we all agreed on the fact that we should for now work towards getting a lottery kiosks and stand for newspaper. We would see if this would remedy the bus iness as a full and meet customer needs after assessing this we would re-evaluate of what other services we should provide for customers.Another master(prenominal) issue that was on the minds of a lot of customers was that no allowances are made for shoppers who have mobility problems or small children or who declaim little English. At first we were helpless as to solve this problem and could not generate many solutions. In the end though we decided that we would employ some(a) employees that were bilingual and maybe put signs up that are in other languages as well as English for all to understand. We also decided that a behave out side of the building would be appropriate.\r\n'

'Materials of Logistics in Management Essay\r'

'The efficiency of whatever manufacturing organisation depends on the availability of factor parts and materials in the proper quantity, quality, price, purge and succession. Failure in any of these areas increases be and decreases profit as certainly as outmoded merchandise methods or unable(p) ex revision techniques. This simple but manifest point has only re centimely be to be properly downstairsstood. This book presents the principles, methods and strategies that fight the modern approach to materials perplexity in all sectors of the economy.\r\nIn analysing blood line operations, the contrive â€Å"Value-added concept1′ is often apply to characterise the contravene between the price of comp wizardnt materials and the selling price of the finished crossroad. This difference in respect represents the unique contribution of separately organisation to the occupation attend to. Many companies adduce piece parts and materials for other unfalterings ma nufacturing specialise reapings Remanded by the customers. On an average, a manufacturing degraded buys slightly more than fractional of the rupee value of its sales. In other words, the value added is typically less than 50 per cent of its sales.\r\nConversely, the average company purchases materials valued at more than half of what it sells. Therefore, a firm’s profit is to a macroscopical extent determined by how effectively it procures and manages these materials. The organisational approach cognize as materials centering has gained validity in recent years. proceeds and operations passenger cars found it necessary to wear out an organised body of knowledge relate to planning, acquisition and utilisation of materials in the process of output and it has resulted in the discipline known as â€Å"mate-rials manage handst”.\r\nAll activities composite in bringing materials into and through the deeds are combined under one head known as â€Å"materials passenger vehicle”. By giving the materials manager general authority, responsibility is centralised to assure that the overall cost of materials is kept at the gloomy’est possible level. The basic rationale for this organisational change is to overcome the problems of conflicting objectives. For cample, purchase incision’s concern to ensure dogging supply of component materials may conflict with he store control part’s objective to minimise inventory levels or the objective of shipping in full car load lots.\r\n immediately organisations view procure handst as a professional activity including activities involved in obtaining materials at minimum cost, transporting them and providing storage and base toward the payoff process. It also includes economic compend of supply (i. e. , purchase economics), demand and prices and the judicial decision of international events that affect materials. * evolution of materials management Historically, the f ive ‘M’s of manufacturing firms to wit manpower, Materials, Machines, Money and Methods harbour shifted their positions from time to time in their relative immenseness.\r\nIn the advance(prenominal) days of industrialization, the focus was on men (labour) as they were the main source of ample supply. Over a period of time, the accent mark shifted towards machines, which became the main source of industrial power after the Industrial Revolution. As the methods of proceeds became more and more interlacing imputable to the increased customer demand for train products of high quality, there was greater consume of efficient management to manage the complex ware systems.\r\nIn the early 1920s, purchasing and maintaining stock of materials was the responsibility of purchasing managers or â€Å"chief controllers of purchasing and stores” in many an(prenominal) industries. During and immediately after World struggle II the focus shifted on various functio ns associated with materials such as purchasing, receiving, inspecting, storing, preserving, handling, issuing, accounting, transporting and disposing surplus and noncurrent materials. These functions grouped under one uncouth head known as materials manager and the plane section responsible for all these activities came to be known as â€Å"materials management segment”.\r\nBut the head of materials management department performed a staff function to brave the production department and had to report to the production head (director of production) in the organizational hierarchy. The fossil oil crisis of the 1970’s changed the priorities of industries all over the world. The steep hike in oil prices and the forbidding budget allocations on oil make the industries to control their expenditure on the inputs, principally materials of all kinds because of the large scope to trim the expenses on materials.\r\nSince the low gear of 20th century, materials have bee n getting more and more attention and will continue to do so in the future also. Now a days material has* become an great and indispensable input of a production system since the cost of materials and cost on materials (cost incurred in purchasing and storing the materials) put unitedly account for 50 to 85% of the production cost depending on the nature of the product and the type of the production system. Modern manufacturing organisations take systems approach to management, which resulted in the merged materials management concept.\r\nAll functions related to materials such as materials planning, purchasing, storing and inventory control were integrated under materials management function. The position of the head of the integrated materials management department was elevated to be on par with heads of other operable areas viz. production, finance and human resources. * immensity of materials in manufacturing organisations Materials are any commodities used directly or indirectly in producing a product or good such as raw materials, component parts, assemblies and supplies. In the manufacturing organisations, the important inputs are referred to as 5 Ms viz. Men (Labour), Machines, Money, Materials and Methods.\r\nThe relative importance among these five Ms have shifted from time to time. In the beginning of industrialisation the focus was on machines, men (labour) and methods, but from around 1970 onwards the furiousness is on materials. Material is an important and inevitable input gi J production system since the cost of materials and cost on materials (cost incurred in purchasing and storing the materials) put together account for 50 to 85’* of the production cost depending on the nature of the product and the type of the production system * importance of materials management\r\nManagement of materials in most(prenominal) organisations is crucial to their success because the cost of purchasing, storing, travel and shipping materials account for over half of the product’s cost. Improving productiveness is a crucial factor in facing the challenge of competition and this involves impetuous down the cost of all aspects of business activities. Since there is maximum scope of cost reduction in the area of materials, doing the business enterprise of efficient and effective management of materials is seen as the key to higher productivity.\r\n'

'Environmental Health Essay\r'

'What is environmental Health? environmental health is the branch of public health that is interested with all aspects of the natural and built environment that may affect human health. It also refers to the theory and recitation of assessing and controlling factors in the environment that can potentially affect health. Environmental Health is the field of scholarship that studies how the environment influences human health and disease. â€Å"Environment,” in this context, operator things in the natural environment like air, weewee system and soil, and also all the physical, chemical, biological and social features of our surroundings.\r\nThe man-made, or â€Å"built,” environment includes physical structures where people live and operate such as homes, offices, schools, farms and factories, as well as community systems such as roads and exaltation systems, land use practices and waste management. Consequences of human qualifying to the natural environment, suc h as air pollution, be also parts of the man-made environment. The social environment encompasses lifestyle factors like diet and exercise, socioeconomic status, and separate societal influences that may affect health. The Media of Environmental Hazards Air, water and food are the major environmental media or vectors through which pic to hazardous environmental agents occur.\r\nEnvironmental hazards • The major environmental hazards and their relative importance in various environmental settings. • Chemical agents: pesticides, VOC’S, and PCB’S • natural agents: ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, vibration, temperature, and noise. • Biological agents: infectious and allergic disorders Interaction amidst hazardous exposures and humans • Four characteristics critical to exposure assessment: • Route ( Inhalation, Ingestion, Dermal) • Magnitude (Concentration or Dose) • sequence ( Minutes, Hours, Days, Lifetime) †¢ Frequency (Daily, Weekly, Monthly, Seasonally) All of the environmental media are come-at-able exposure routes, and should be considered in a jeopardy assessment. • Humans have access to environmental toxicants by foul food, drinking contaminated water, and breathing contaminated air\r\n'

'Gulf Carriers Destabilise Alliances\r'

'With much ceremony, Qatar Airways became the first of the large Sulfated c aeries to enter a global airline conjunction by joining Enroll, led by Ameri bum Airlines and British Main. Ways. Sign up at once â€Å" decent a member Of Enroll is integrity of the virtually significant landmarks in Qatar Airways history,” declared Kafka AH Baker, the airlines chief executive. This give out highlights how the fastenings, steamrollered Gulf carriers †E emirates Airlines, redact Airways and Qatar Airways †are no longer viewed with universal hostility by westward airlines.First is our new es displaceial daily email brief of the best stories from across the web But Emirates and Edited are unlikely to be joining one Of the three global aril en alliances †Enroll, Steam and genius Alliance †in the near future. These two carriers, ground in D baa and ABA Dhabi, respectively, are prosecute their own partnerships †actions that are destabilize Eng the alliances and could play an influential purpose in reducing the importance of these groups.The alliances were realised in the 1 9905 because foreign ownership rules often prohibited carriers room combining via crossbred mergers. regular the biggest carriers knew they could not fly to all big cities, so airlines formed alliances that in effect bolted their networks together to head destinations worldwide †notably to business travelers. These alliances were supposed to be clubs that looked after their respective interests, but last social class Santa †a founding member of Enroll -? sent showplaces through the industry by agreeing to form a fare aching partnership with Emirates.Founded in 1985 and now flying to more than 130 destinations with the world s largest fleet of wideband passenger jets, Emirates has inflicted financial chafe on longhand carriers in the US, Europe and Asia †embarrass inning Santa. But the Australian carrier is hoping the coaction with Emirates wil l play a key role in restoring its international pop orations to profit. At the center of attention of the partnership is a icosahedra that gives Santa passengers a much greater choice of routes between Australia and Europe, the Middle East and Africa because they can fly on Emirates jets.\r\n'

'Preventing Sex Crimes\r'

'Running transport: PREVENTION OF SEX RELATED CRIMES Prevention of wake up Related Crimes Against Women Outline I. primary ginmill & adenine; wellness promotion A. Why is it important to c be for ?. finish crimes against women is an ever change magnitude task. A. Rape an increasing problem B. High adventure potential dupes of bumble C. Drugs used for period attaint D. Psychiatric patients I?. Various resources argon available for primary taproom A. Possible locations for preventive platforms to reach hind end universe B. Different founts of preventive platforms IV. Rape prevention conclusionPrevention of Sex Related Crimes Against Women wellness promotion is a eccentric of healthc ar help meant to help patients remain thinking(a) by preventing the onset of diseases, lowering the possibility of injuries, and promoting a healthier life-style. This religious serving is based on the presumptuousness that if patients bettericipate actively and accept specific li fe-style changes, their ventures of agony from heart attacks, lung rumpcer, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and other related diseases significantly lowers. The program contributes as the bond of swear that exposes between the healthcare provider and patient.The patient understands how their lifestyle choices affects health and well-being, and works with the healthcare provider to develop sizeable habits. Patients benefit from get outicipating in health promotion activities such as health commandment programs, exercise programs, health fairs, wellness programs at work and trail, square-toed nutrition training, and learning the bases of balancing one’s life. One ex axerophtholle of this promotional service is prenatal classes. Expectant mothers are taught hot nutritionary habits, which benefit both the mother and their baby during the gestational period and after birth.This course increase the likeliness of a normal pregnancy and a healthy baby. Another ex gr oup Ale of health promotion classes overwhelm aerobic exercise and smoking cessation courses focused on the prevention of diseases of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems (Chitty, 1997). first prevention is a type of healthcare service knowing to assist patients in reducing already identified risk movers such as heredity. This service requires active small-armicipation of the patient and the healthcare providers, marked at disease specific protection for healthy idiosyncratics.Primary prevention programs embroil periodic health screening, physical examinations, assignment of familial and environmental risk factors, community health programs, lifestyle changes to counteract risk factors, occupational safe programs, and environmental guard duty programs. An example of these programs would be the capital of Colorado Development test performed on toddlers and preschoolers during our clinical rotations at Baptist Hospital. Another example is teaching patients the correc t track to perform monthly self breast exams for fresh women with a family history of breast cancer.Primary prevention focuses on preventing risk factors from developing, and health promotion focuses on world-wide disease prevention and healthy lifestyles choices (Chitty, 1997). Rape is a violent crime that affects the victim physically, mentally, and emotionally. Potential impair victims include all individuals regardless of age, sex, race, nationality, social status, or economic status. The experience is devastating with usually keen-sighted term affects of depression, isolation from society, low self esteem, and STDs genetical from the perpetrator.According to FBI statistical projections every 7 minutes a trenchant disgrace come ups in the United States; women make a 1 out of 3 chance of get a victim of a knowledgeable round during their life span. Yet, only about 90,000 mars per twelvemonth are reported to local authorities. Society in general is unaware with the se riousness of the break epidemic, since 90% of all go againsts are unreported (Nadeau, 1991). Certain behaviors and conditions increases an individual’s risk of becoming a victim of a violent internal assault. Most rape victims are women between the ages of 16 to 19 years-of-age.The back up highest incident of rapes occurs in women between the ages of 20-24 years-of-age. Women between 16 to 24 years-old are 4 times to a greater extent believably to be a victim of a rape ( Holcomb, 1997). According to Malik (1997) 35% of high school students in the United States are victims of some type of physical violence within a go out relationship. Children that are exposed to domestic violence are twice as likely to be part of a violent sexual assault cream the role of victim or aggressor. African-Americans and Hispanic are also more likely to be victims or aggressors then whites or Asian-Americans (Malik, 1997).Other potential risk factor include individuals seeing from mental i llness or retardation, their chance of a violent sexual assault are increase usually at the hands of caretakers and str angrinesss. Previous rape victims are also passing vulnerable to a repeated sexual assault, because of a low sexual self-respect and an increase depression of powerlessness (Scott, 1993). Nurses need to tooshie these high risk individuals to explain the realities and frequency of sexual assaults and if an assault does occur it should be reported to the proper authorities.A growing come to for healthcare providers, and the general population is the increasing availableness of drugs used to commit date rapes. These drugs are part of a growing craze among teenagers and young adults as a recreational drug usually feature with alcohol. Rapists are using them in large dosages to disable unsuspecting women by slipping the colorless, odorless, and tasteless drugs into their drinks at social events. The drug mixes immediately with alcohol loss no signs of alternatio n to the drink. The victims are lured away from the social forum to a remote location where they are taking advantage of.The drugs are used by raper because it completely impairs the victims memory leaving then with no knowledge of what occurred while under the influence, which last anyplace from 4 to 8 hours. Since the victim is unable to revoke the incident, these rape cases are near im workable to climb in court; many times the victims has no description of the perpetrator. The three common rape drugs are Gamma y-hydroxybutyrate, Rohypnol, and Ketamine Hydrochloride and each one has dozens of different street names they are cognize by.A main concern for healthcare providers are the possible side effects linked to these drugs. The side effects include nausea, vomiting, seizures, memory loss, comas, hypotension, hypertension, arrhythmias, tachycardia, bradycardia, drowsiness, confusion, shock, cardiovascular collapse, muscular rigidity, apnea, and so forth These drugs are inexpensive and readily available in our society despite the fact they are disallow byout the United States (Lyman, 1998). Nursing practice for victims of sexual assaults needs to be supportive, nonjudgemental, competent, and unbiased.This knowledge of practice is particularly important to psychiatrical nurses because of the association between psychiatric disorders and a history of childhood sexual assaults. indeed nursing health history documents for psychiatric patients should include questions about possible sexual assaults. Psychiatric nurses mustiness not silence the thickening or turn down the reality of the sexual assault, since this will only revictimize the client; they should initiate interventions using effective listening, empathy, and respect for their client.Patients suffering from a psychiatric disorder with a ult history of sexual abuse are given over to depression, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, self-harm, and sleep disturbance (Gallo p, 1998). Primary prevention programs should be readily available for the target population, young women and psychiatric patients at risk of victimization. These programs should be offered at high schools and middle schools by campus officers, informatory counselors, school nurses, brochures, and administration.Universities are also a legal place for prevention programs through counselors, public safety department, health center, health fair, wellness fair, brochures, and administration. Other good sources for prevention are psychiatric care centers, family cooking clinic, women’s clinic, medical care centers, church groups, spring chicken groups, after school programs, and community programs. Also, parents should be advised of possible risks of victimization using the above resources; they can be a good resource of education for their kids.If preventive programs are offered by healthcare providers and proper authorities at these and other locations, then the target pop ulation would be reached and informed on measures that would flash back their chances of becoming a statistic. Primary prevention for rape is done using different programs which focus on informing the general public especially the target population about the different aspects of rape and what to do if ever placed in a agree business office. One program is the RAD system, a self-protection course for women which also covers awareness, risk reduction, prevention, and avoidance.This system is designed to give women a second viable weft when their life is in danger, that option is proper self-protection targeting the weak areas of the male body (Nadeau, 1991). Another program targets date rapes and dating violence. This primary prevention program targets the problem of partner violence, diminishing gender stereotypes, anger managements during conflicts between partners, illustrating the women’s right to say no, and possible warning signs to look for before and during a date with an parvenu acquaintance.An increased understanding of date rape concept may reduce its occurrence by helping women perceive a dangerous situation and realize their right to refuse improper actions or proposals (Foshee, 1998). Other prevention programs include a discussion on the danger and reality of date rape drugs. This program covers the effects of the rape drug in the body, the mode of ingestion for the drug, and helpful ideas to avoid becoming a victim of this increasing phenomenon for example.The rape problem will always be a part of society and rapists will continue to try new ways of luring victims in their hands. Victims of sexual assault suffer emotionally, physically, and mentally. Women can decrease their risk of victimization through different primary prevention programs conducted by healthcare providers and proper authorities. References Chitty, K. K. (1997). Professional nursing concepts and challenges. Pennsylvania: W. B. Saunders Company. Foshee, V. A. , Baum an, K. E. , Arriaga, X. B. , Helms, R. W. , Koch, G. G. & Linder, G. F. (1998). An evaluation of safe dates, an adolescent dating violence prevention program. American daybook of Public Health, 88 (1), 45-50. Gallop, R. , Page, G. , McCay, E. , Austin, W. , Bayer, M. , & Peternelj-Taylor, C. (1998). Caring for sexually abused clients. Canadian Nurse, 94 (7), 30-34. Holcomb, D. R. , Westhoff, W. W. , & McDermott, R. J. (1997). Teaching idea. Date rape and the high school student: a likely scenario. Journal of Health Education, 28 (5), 308-310. Lyman, S. A. , Hughes-Mclain, C. & Thompson G. (1998). â€Å"Date-rape drugs”: A growing concern. Journal of Health Education, 29 (5), 271-274. Malik, S. , Sorenson, S. B. , & Aneshensal, C. S. (1997). Community and dating violence among adolescents: Perpetration and victimization. Journal of Adolescent Health, 21 (5), 291-302. Nadeau, L. N. (1991). R. A. D. Systems. Virginia: Rape Aggression defense team Systems, IN C. Scott, C. S. , Lefley, H. P. , & Hicks, D. (1993). Potential risk factors for rape in three ethnic groups. Community Mental Health Journal, 29 (2), 133-141.\r\n'